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CFLM - 1 Leadership, Decision-making, Management, and Administration

CFLM 1 - Leadership, Decision-Making, Management, and Administration

Syllabi/Table of Specifications

The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the following sub-topics:

1. Define and identify the theories, characteristics, and principles of leadership, leadership and management styles, leaders and managers qualities, leadership and management.

2. Apply and appraise the principles, theories, and functions of police administration, police management, efficient management, division of work, authority and responsibility, unity of command and scalar chain, the

3. Apply, evaluate, and design problem-solving and decision-making factors, information, characteristics, principles, and guidelines.

ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY:

The Administrative Theory is based on the concept of departmentalization, which means the different activities to be performed for achieving the common purpose of the organization should be identified and be classified into different groups or departments, such that the task can be accomplished effectively.

The administrative theory is given by Henri Fayol, who believed that more emphasis should be laid on organizational management and the human and behavioral factors in management. Thus, unlike the scientific management theory of Taylor where more emphasis was on improving the workers' efficiency and minimizing the task time, here the main focus is on how the management of the organization is structured and how well the individuals therein are organized to accomplish the tasks given to them.

The other difference between these two is, that the administrative theory focuses on improving the efficiency of management first so that the processes can be standardized and then moves to the operational level where the individual workers are made to learn the changes and implement those in their routine jobs. In the case of the scientific management theory, it emphasizes improving the efficiency of the workers at the operating level first which in turn improves the efficiency of the management. Thus, the administrative theory follows the top-down approach while the scientific management theory follows the bottom-up approach.

14 PRINCIPLES OF HENRY FAYOL

1. Division of Work: The work should be divided among the individuals based on their specializations, so as to ensure their full focus on the effective completion of the task assigned to them.

2. Authority and Responsibility: The authority and responsibility are related to each other. Authority means the right to give orders while responsibility means being accountable. Thus, to whomsoever the authority is given to exact obedience must be held accountable for anything that goes wrong.

3. Discipline: The individuals working in the organization must be well-disciplined. Refers to the obedience, behavior, and respect shown by the employees towards others.

4. Unity of Command: According to this principle, an individual in the organization must receive orders from only one supervisor. In case an individual has a reporting relationship with more than one supervisor then there may be more conflicts with respect to whose instructions to be followed.

5. Unity of Direction: Unity of direction means, all the individuals or groups performing different kinds of tasks must be directed towards the common objective of the organization.

6. Subordination of Individual to General Interest: According to this principle, the individual and organizational interests must coincide to get the task accomplished. The individual must not place his personal interest over the common interest, in case there is a conflict.

7. Remuneration of Personnel: The payment methods should be fair enough such that both the employees and the employers are satisfied.

8. Centralization: Fayol defines centralization as the means of reducing the importance of a subordinate’s role in the organization, and the extent to which the authority is centralized or decentralized depends on the organization type in which the manager is working.

9. Scalar Chain: This means there should be a proper hierarchy in the organization that facilitates the proper flow of authority and communication. It suggests that everyone must know from whom he shall get instructions and to whom he is accountable. Also, the communication either going up or down must pass through each level of authority. In certain circumstances where the quick flow of communication is required, the rigidity of a scalar chain can pose problems. Thus, Henry Fayol has suggested “gangplank” which means anybody in the hierarchy can interact with each other irrespective of their authority levels.

10. Order: This principle is related to the systematic arrangement of things and people in the organization. This means every material should be in its place, and there should be a place for every material. Likewise, in the case of people, the right man should be in the right job.

11. Equity: All the employees in the organization must be treated equally with respect to justice and kindliness.

12. Stability of Tenure: The employees should be retained in the organization, as new appointments may incur huge selection and training costs.

13. Initiative: The manager must motivate his subordinates to think and take action to execute the plan. They must be encouraged to take initiative as this increases the zeal and energy among the individuals.

14. Esprit de Corps: This means “unity is strength”. Thus, every individual must work together to gain synergy and establish cordial relations with each other.

Thus, Henry Fayol emphasized the managerial activities and classified these further into five sub-activities Viz. Planning, Organizing, Directing, coordinating, and controlling, and for a better understanding of these he proposed 14 principles of management.

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On criminology

PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM

The Philippines is one of the many countries that came under the influence of the Roman law. History has shown that the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent to most of continental Europe such as Spain, Portugal, French and all of Central Europe.

Eventually, the Spanish Civil Code became effective in the Philippines on December 7, 1889, the “Conquistadores”. The “Kodigo Penal”(now Revised Penal Code) was also introduced promulgated by the King of Spain. Basically, these laws adopted the Roman law principles.

Mostly tribal traditions, customs and practices influence laws during the Pre-Spanish Philippines. There were also laws that were written which includes the Code of Kalantiao (promulgated in 1433) – the most extensive and severe law that prescribes harsh punishment, and the Maragtas Code (Datu Sumakwel).

Early prisons in the Philippines

OLD BILIBID PRISON

- known as Carcel y Presidio Correccional (Spanish, "Correctional Jail and Military Prison") occupied a rectangular piece of land which was part of the May halique Estate in the heart of Manila.

- It was established on June 25, 1865 under a Spanish royal decree.

- It is divided into two sections the Carcel Section which could accommodate 600 inmates and the Presidio, which could accommodate 527 prisoners.

- The remnants of the old facility was used by the City of Manila as its detention center then known as Manila City Jail, famous as the “May Halique Estate”.

- In 1941 the new facility was officially named "The New Bilibid Prison".

- It is maintained by the Bureau of Correction. (BuCor) under the Philippine Department of Justice.

Tomoyuki Yamashita - commander of the Japanese Imperial Army in the Philippines in 1944 - Incarcerated while undergoing trial for war crimes; eventually executed by hanging in Los Baños on February 23, 1946.

In 1936, the City Manila exchanges its Muntinlupa property with the Bureau of Prisons originally intended as a site for boys’ training school. Today, the old Bilibid Prison is now being used as the Manila City Jail, famous as the “May Halique Estate”.

The Bureau of Corrections

Bureau of Prisons was renamed Bureau of Correction under Executive Order 292 passed during the Aquino Administration. It states that the head of the Bureau of Corrections is Director of Prisons who is appointed by the President of the Philippines with the confirmation of the commission of appointments.

The Bureau of Corrections has general supervision and control of all national prisons or penitentiaries. It is changed with the safekeeping of all Insular Prisoners confined therein or committed to custody of the Bureau.

Inmates of the Bureau of Corrections are classified according to the following:

1. DETAINEE - Those whose cases are or have other pending cases;

2. THIRD CLASS INMATE - Those who have been previously committed as a sentenced prisoner for three times or more except cases involving non-payment of fines, or those whose classification were reduced from higher class.

3. SECOND CLASS INMATE - Newly arrived inmates committed for the first time, or demoted from the higher class or promoted from a lower class.

4. FIRST CLASS INMATE - One whose known character and credit for work while still in detention earned classification to his class; or one who was promoted from lower class; and

5. COLONIST - A classified first class inmate for at least one year immediately preceding his classification as such, and has served with good conduct, at least one-fifth of his maximum sentence, or has served seven years in case of life sentence.

Coverage of the Bureau of Corrections

A. NATIONAL BILIBID PRISON (MUNTINLUPA CITY) NEW BILIBID PRISON (NBP) Main Building Muntinlupa

- Constructed in 1847 by virtue of Royal Decree of the Spanish crown pursuant to sec. 1708 of the Revised Administrative Code. - Operates in two satellite units, namely Camp Bukang Liwayway(Minimum Security Prisoners) and Camp Sampaguita (Medium Security Unit and Youth Rehabilitation center)

B. RECEPTION AND DIAGNOSTIC CENTER

C. CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION FOR WOMEN (CIW)

- Mandaluyong City

- Created Pursuant to Act 3579, Nov. 27, 1929

- 11 hectares

- 1934 – date of creation for the position for a Female Superintendent

- Conducts vocational courses in dressmaking, beauty culture, handicrafts, cloth weaving and slipper making.

- Smallest penal colony

- RAMON VICTORIA- first Director of CIW

- ELIZABETH FRY- first woman to advocate the rights of the woman inmates

D. THE PENAL COLONIES

1. SABLAYAN PENAL COLONY AND FARM

- 16,000 hectares Sablayan, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro

- Created pursuant to proclamation no. 72, September 26, 1954

- Rice production

2. IWAHIG PENAL COLONY AND FARM(OLD NAME IUHIT)

- Puerto Princesa City, Palawan

- Created pursuant to Sec. 1709, Revised Administrative Code of 1917

- Rice production, Corn, copra, logs, minor forest products and cattle’s

- RJ Shields - the first American superintendent

- Largest penal facility in the Philippines

- Previously an institution for incorrigibles

- Enjoys the reputation ob being one of the best open institutions all over the world.

- 36,000 hectares: SUB-COLONIES( sta. Lucia, Inawagan, Montible and Central Sub-colony)

- It administers the TAGUMPAY SETTLEMENT. The settlement is 1,000 hectares apportion of which was divided into 6 hectares homestead lots which were distributed to released inmates who desired to live in the settlement.

3. DAVAO PENAL COLONY AND FARM

- Central Davao/Panabo Davao

- Created pursuant to act no. 3732 and Proclamation No. 414 series of 1931, established January 21, 1932

- Gen. Paulino Santos its founder and director of prisons led the first contingent

- Abacca is the main product - Biggest Banana producers

- Concentration camp of American Prisoners of war in the year 1942.

- Concentration Camp of Japan during World War II

- Second largest facility

- Biggest source of income of Bucor

3. DAVAO PENAL COLONY AND FARM - Central Davao/Panabo Davao - Created pursuant to act no. 3732 and Proclamation No. 414 series of 1931, established January 21, 1932 - Gen. Paulino Santos its founder and director of prisons led the first contingent - Abacca is the main product - Biggest Banana producers - Concentration camp of American Prisoners of war in the year 1942. - Concentration Camp of Japan during World War II - Second largest facility - Biggest source of income of Bucor 4. SAN RAMON PENAL COLONY AND FARM - Zamboanga Ciy - The prison was named after the founder Capt. Ramon Blanco of the Spanish Royal Army. - Created pursuant to sec. 1720, R.A.C. 1917 - Land area (1546 hectares) Its prime product is Copra and it also raises rice, corn, coffee, cattle and livestock. - January 1, 1915- when SAN RAMON PENAL COLONY AND FARM Was under the Bureau of Prisons - The first penal institution of the Philippines - Dr. Jose Rizal was incarcerated in this penal colony - Primarily intended to confine Muslim prisons

4. SAN RAMON PENAL COLONY AND FARM

- Zamboanga Ciy

- The prison was named after the founder Capt. Ramon Blanco of the Spanish Royal Army.

- Created pursuant to sec. 1720, R.A.C. 1917

- Land area (1546 hectares) Its prime product is Copra and it also raises rice, corn, coffee, cattle and livestock.

- January 1, 1915- when SAN RAMON PENAL COLONY AND FARM Was under the Bureau of Prisons

- The first penal institution of the Philippines

- Dr. Jose Rizal was incarcerated in this penal colony

- Primarily intended to confine Muslim prisons

5. LEYTE REGIONAL PRISON

- Abuyog Leyte - Created pursuant to proc. No. 1101, January 16, 1973

- Youngest penal colony

6. ILOILO PENAL COLONY AND FARM - Iloilo province

BUREAU OF JAIL MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY (BJMP)

On January 2, 1991, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology was created thru Republic Act 6975 as a line Bureau under the Department of Interior and Local Government. The Jail Bureau is the upgraded version of its forerunner, the Office of Jail Management and Penology of the defunct PC/INP last headed by BRIG GEN Arsenio E. Concepcion.

Subsequently, R.A. 9263, also known as the “Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004” and its Implementing Rules and Regulations strengthened the provisions of R.A. 6975, redefined many of the BJMP’s existing policies and restructured the Bureau’s organization.

POWERS OF THE BJMP

The bureau shall exercise supervision and control over all districts, city and municipal jails to ensure a secured, clean, sanitary and adequately equipped jail for the custody and safekeeping of city and municipal prisoners, any fugitive from justice or prisons detained awaiting investigation or trial and /or transfer to the National Penitentiary, and any violent, mentally ill person who endangers him self or the safety of others.

Function of the BJMP

In line with its mission, the Bureau endeavors to perform the following:

1. formulate policies and guidelines on the administration of all districts, city and municipal jails nationwide;

2. formulate and implement policies for the programs of correction, rehabilitation and treatment of offenders;

3. plan the program funds for the subsistence allowance of offenders;

4. conduct researches, develop and implement plans and program for the improvement of jails services throughout the country;

Organization and Key Positions in the BJMP

The BJMP, also referred to the jail bureau, was created pursuit to Section 60, R.A. no.6975, and initially consisting of uniformed officers and members of the jail management and penology service as constituted under P.D. no.765.

The Bureau shall be headed by a chief with the rank of director, and assisted by a deputy chief with the rank of chief superintendent.

The Central Office is the command and staff HQ of the jail bureau composed of 3 commands groups, 6 coordinating Staff Divisions, 6 especial staff Groups and 6 personal Staff Groups namely:

1. Command Group – Chief, BJMP – Deputy C/BJMP – Chief of Staff

2. Coordinating Staff Groups – Administrative Division, Operations Division, Logistics Division, Finance Management Division, Research Plans and Programs Division, Inspection and Investigation Division.

3. Special Staff Groups – General Services Unit, Health Services Unit, Chaplain Services Unit, Community Services Unit, Finance Services Unit, Hearing Office.

4. Personal Staff Groups – Aide-de-Camp, Intelligence Office, Public Information Office, Legal Office, Adjudication Office, Internal Audit.

REGIONAL OFFICE

– At the Regional Level, each Region shall have a designated Assistant regional Director for Jail management and Penology.

PROVINCIAL LEVEL

– in the Provincial Level, there shall be designated a Provincial Jail Administrator to perform the same functions as the ARDs province wide.

DISTRICT OFFICE

– in the District Level, where there are large cities and municipalities, a district jail with subordinate jails, headed by a District warden may be established as necessary.

CITY AND MUNICIPAL OFFICE

– in the City and Municipal level, a city or municipal Warden shall head each jail.

Duties and Responsibilities

WARDEN

The warden is responsible for the direction, Coordination, and Control of the Jail. This includes the Security, safety, discipline and well being of inmates.

The office of the warden may organize the following units:

1. Intelligence and Investigation Team – it gathers, collates and submits intelligence information to the office of the warden on matter regarding the jail condition.

2. Jail Inspectorate Section – Inspect jail facilities, personnel, and prisoners and submit reports to the warden.

3. Public Relation Office – Maintain public relation to obtain the necessary and adequate public support.

ASSISTANT WARDEN

The office of the Assistant Warden undertakes the development of a systematic process of treatment.

The Assistant Warden is the Chairman of the Classification Board and Disciplinary Board.

ADMINISTRATIVE GROUPS

The administrative groups take charge of all administrative functions of the jail bureau.

Personnel Management Branch

– Assignment of personnel, Procedures of selection, Preparation of Personnel reports, Individual record file.

Records and Statistics Branch

– Keep and maintain booking sheets and arrest reports, keep an orderly record of the fingerprints and photographs, Present/ Prepare statistical data of inmates.

Property and Supply Branch

– Take charge of the safekeeping of equipments and supplies and materials needed for the operation of the jail.

Budget and Finance Branch

– Take charge of all financial matters such as budgeting, financing, accounting, and auditing.

Mess Service Branch

– Take charge of the preparation of the daily menu, prepares and cook the food and serve it to inmates.

General Service Branch

- The branch responsible for the maintenance and repair of jail facilities and equipments. It is also task with the cleanliness and beautification of the jail compound.

Mittimus Computing Branch

– Tasked to receive court decisions and compute the date of the full completion of the service of sentence of inmates.

- A mittimus is a warrant issued by a court directing the jail or person authorities to receive the convicted offender for the service of sentence imposed therein or for detention.

THE SECURITY GROUPS

The security groups provides a system of sound custody, security and control of inmates and their movements and also responsible to enforce prison or jail discipline.

Escort Platoon is composed of the

a) Escort Section – to escort inmate upon order of any judicial body; upon summon of a court; or transfer to other penal institutions.

b) Subpoena Section – receives and distribute court summons, notices, subpoenas, etc.

SECURITY PLATOON

– a three (3) working platoon shifts responsible for over all security of the jail compound including gates, guard posts and towers. They are also responsible for the admitting and releasing unit.

REHABILITATION PURPOSES GROUPS

This group provide services and assistance to prisoners and their families to enable them to solve their individual needs and problems arising from the prisoners’ confinement.

Medical and Health Services Branch

– Provides medical and physical examinations of inmates upon confinement, treatment of sick inmates and conduct medical and physical examinations and provide medicines or recommend for the hospitalization of seriously ill prisoners or inmates. It also conducts psychiatric and psychological examinations.

Work and Education Therapy Services

– It take charge of the job and educational programs needed for rehabilitation of inmates by providing them job incentives so they can earn and provide support for their families while in jail.

Socio – Cultural Services

– It takes care of the social case work study of the individual prisoners by making interviews, home visits, referral to community resource, free legal service, and liaison works for the inmates.

Chaplaincy Services

– It takes charge of the religious and moral upliftment of the inmates through religious services. This branch caters to all religious sects.

Guidance and Counseling Services

– Responsible for the individual and group counselling activities to inmates solve their individual problems and to help them lead a wholesome and constructive life.

RECEPTION AND DIAGNOSTIC CENTER (RDC)

This is a special unit of prison (Camp Sampaguita) where new prisoners undergo diagnostic examination, study and observation for the purpose of determining the programs of treatment and training best suited to their needs and the institution to which they should be transferred.

It is composed of the following staff members:

1. The Psychiatrist – responsible in the examination of the prisoner’s mental and emotional make-up.

2. The Psychologist – responsible to conduct study on the character and behaviour of the prisoners.

3. The Sociologist – study the social case situation of the individual prisoner.

4. The Educational Counselor – conducts orientation classes in order to change inmates’ attitude towards education and recommends educational program for the prisoner.

5. The Vocational Counselor – to test the prisoner’s special abilities, interest and skills and recommends for the vocational course best suited to the prisoner.

6. The Chaplain – encourage the prisoner to participate in religious activities.

7. The Medical Officer – conducts physical examination and recommends medical treatment of prisoners.

8. Custodial-Correctional Officer – recommends the transfer and type of custody of inmates.

THE QUARANTINE CELL OR UNIT

This may be a unit of the prison or a section of the RDC where the prisoner is given thorough physical examination including blood test, x-rays, vaccinations and immunity. This is for the purpose of insuring that the prisoner is not suffering from any contagious disease, which might be transferred to the prison population.

Upon admission in the Reception and Diagnostic Center, an inmate shall be placed in quarantine for at least five (5) days during which he shall be-

1) Given physical examination to determine any physical illness or handicap or mental ailment and to segregate those suspected of having an infectious or contagious disease. If found sick, the inmate shall be immediately confined in the prison hospital;

2) Oriented with prison rules; and

3) Interviewed by a counselor, social worker or other program staff officers. The interview shall be conducted in private.

ADMISSION PROCEDURES IN PRISON

(1) RECEIVING

– the new prisoner is received at the RDC. The new prisoner usually comes from a provincial or city jail where he was immediately committed upon conviction by the court, and escorted by the escort platoon during his transfer to the National Prison.

(2) CHECKING OF COMMITMENT PAPERS

– the receiving officer checks the commitment papers if they are in order. That is, if they contain the signature of the judge or the signature of the clerk of court, and the seal of the court.

(3) IDENTIFICATION

– the prisoner’s identity is established through the picture and fingerprint appearing in the commitment order. This is to insure that the person being committed is the same as the person being named in the commitment order.

(4) SEARCHING

– this step involves the frisking of the prisoner and searching his personal things. Weapons and other items classified as contraband are confiscated and deposited to the property custodian. Other properties are deposited with the trust fund officer under recording and receipts.

(5) BRIEFING AND ORIENTATION

– the prisoner will be brief and oriented on the rules and regulations of the prison before he will be assigned to the RDC or the quarantine unit.

ORIENTATION PROCEDURES IN PRISON

Orientation takes place with in the first few days in the center which consists in:

(a) Giving the presoners a booklet of rules to and regulation and explaining the rules to them.

(b) Conducting group meeting of the center to explain to the inmates the available treatment programs.

(c) Holding sessions with the member of the center’s staff to explain what the inmates should do in order to profit most from their experiences.

THE TREATMENT PROGRAMS

The Philippines Prison System adopted two approaches in treating criminal’s offenders.

These are the Institution-Base Treatment programs. These programs aimed toward the improvement of offender’s attitude and philosophy of life, the main goal being the ultimate rehabilitation of offenders by changing inmate’s attitude.

INSTITUTIONALIZED TREATMENT PROGRAMS

Prison Education

Prison education is the cornerstone of rehabilitation. It is the process or result of formal training in school or classrooms intended to shape the mind and attitude of prisoners toward good living upon their releasing.

Objective of Prison Education:

1. To return the prisoner to society with a more wholesome attitude towards living,

2. To conduct themselves as good citizens,

3. To give them knowledge and develop their skills to maintain themselves and their dependents through honest labor.

Classes of Prison Education

1. General and Academic Education

– the objective of which is to eradicate illiteracy among prisoners. This could be the best contribution of correctional system can offer to society.

2. Vocational Education

– Institutional maintenance works and industrial projects, the purpose of which is to provide prisoners necessary skills for successful works in a socially acceptable occupation after their release. Courses may include: Radio Mechanics, Auto Mechanics, Horticulture, Shoemaking, Tailoring, Carpentry, Electronics, etc.

3. Physical Education

– designed for those who have physical disabilities.

Work Programs

These are programs conducive to change behaviour in morale by training prisoners for a useful occupation. It is purposely to eliminate idleness on the part of the prisoners, which may contribute to “Prison stupor” and its effects the incidence of prison riot.

Classification of Prison Work Programs:

1. Educational Assignments

– prisoners maybe assigned to either general education, vocational or physical education.

2. Maintenance Assignment

– this assignment involves labor related to care and up keeping of the institution properties.

3. agricultural and Industrial Assignments

4. Unassignable

– Prisoners who are nearly to leave the institution, awaiting transfer, those in the disciplinary status, and those who are chronically ill with mental disabilities are considered unassignable prisoners. Female prisoners shall be assigned to work on jobs suitable to their age, sex and physical conditions. Prisoners over 60 years of age may be excused from hard work.

Religious Services in Prison

The purpose of this program is to change the attitudes of inmates by inculcating religious values or belief.

Function of Chaplain:

1. Conduct communion and confession to inmates,

2. Conduct religious ministry such as preaching the Bible,

3. Conduct private and personal counseling,

4. Other chaplaincy services.

Administrative Function of the Chaplain:

1. Member of the RDC staff,

2. Member of the Classification Committee,

3. Render Evaluation to the BPP.

Recreational Programs

The only program that is conducted during free time schedule with the following objectives:

1. Mental and Physical Development

2. Help prisoner to become aware of their individual conditions to provide them a method of improvement.

3. Development of cooperative competitions,

4. Arouse the interest of the prisoners in recreational programs.

Activities of recreation may include Athletics/sports, music and arts, social games, special activities on special events etc.

Medical and Health Services

Medical and health services include:

1. Mental and physical Examination

2. Diagnosis and treatment

3. Immunization

4. Sanitary inspections

5. Participation in training

Counseling and Casework

Objectives of Counseling

1. Immediate solution of specific personal problem,

2. Help inmates to increase self-understanding,

Objectives of Casework

1. To obtain clear description of social history,

2. Solving immediate problems, involving family problems or other personal relationship,

3. Assist inmates toward acceptable solution,

4. Support inmates, who are nearly release by giving them guidance or information,

5. Professional assistance to offenders on probation or parole.

INSTITUTIONAL CUSTODY, SECURITY AND CONTROL DIVERSIFICATION: Concept and Importance

Diversification is an administrative device of correctional institutions of providing varied and flexible types of physical plants for the more effective custody, security and control of the treatment programs of its diversified population. Diversification is the principle of separating homogenous types of prisoners that requires special treatment and custody. Separation can be done through proper classification of inmates.

How Diversification is carries out? It can be done either building special institution for different classes of prisoners through proper segregation of inmates that is big institution can be broken into a smaller unit.

Aims of Diversification

1. More effective execution of the treatment programs,

2. To prevent prisoners from moral and physical contamination of one group by another,

3. To prevent unnecessary custodial risks.

The Classification Process

Classification is a method by which diagnosis, treatment planning and execution of the treatment programs are coordinated in the individual case study. It is a process of determining the needs and requirement of prisoners for assigning them to programs according to their needs and existing resources.

Four (4) Separate but Coordinated Classification Procedure

(1) Diagnosis

– Prisoner’s case history is taken and his personality is being studied through examination and observations.

(2) Treatment Planning

– it is the formulation of tentative treatment programs suited for the prisoner.

(3) Execution of the Treatment Program

– it is the application of the treatment programs and policies by the classification committee.

(4) Re-classification

– Treatment program is kept current with the inmates changing needs

Purpose of the Classification Process

The Classification process is adopted to determine the work assignment, type of supervision and custody which will be applied to the prisoners.

PRISON Security, Custody and Control

Security – It involves safety measures to maintain the orderliness and discipline with in the jail or prison.

Prison Discipline – is the state of good order and behavior. It includes maintenance of good standards of work, sanitation, safety, education, health and recreation. It aims at self-reliance, self-control, self-respect and self-discipline.

Preventive Discipline – is the prompt correction of minor deviations committed by prisoners before they become serious violations.

Control – It involves supervision of prisoners to ensure punctual and orderly movement from one place work program or assignment to another.

Aims of Institutional Security and Control

1. Prevention of Escapes

2. Control of Contrabands

3. Maintinance of good order

Essential Requisite for Sound Custody, Security and Control

1. Adequate system of classification of prisoners

2. Regular inspections

3. Adequate system of counting

4. Set of rules of control and safety precautions

5. Plan for the control of contraband and equipments

6. Keying system

7. Emergency plan

Custody - is the guarding or penal safekeeping, it involves security measures to insure security and control with in the prison. The Prison Custodial Division carries it out. The Prison Custodial Division is changed of all matters pertaining to the custody of the Prisoner and security of the institution.

Disciplinary Board in jails

The Disciplinary Board for jails is a board that is organized and maintained with in our local jails for the purpose of hearing disciplinary cases involving violation of jail rules and regulations by the inmates.

The Disciplinary Board is the authority that can impose disciplinary punishments such as:

1. Reprimand

2. Temporary or permanent cancellation of privileges in jail [visiting privileges, recreational privileges and other privileges].

3. Extra-fatigue duty or assignment to a disciplinary squad for manual labor.

4. Close confinement in a cell or solitary confinement, which shall not exceed seven days in any calendar month. This punishment shall be imposed only in the case of incorrigible inmate when other disciplinary measures had been proven ineffective.

5. Transfer to other penal institutions

6. Loss of good conduct time allowance.

Function of the Disciplinary Board

The warden tasks the board to investigate the facts regarding the alleged misconduct referred to it. It holds sessions as often as necessary in a room that may be provided for the purpose. All cases referred to it must be heard and decided within 48 hours from the date of receipt of the case.

Limitations of Punishments Imposed to Offenders

The General Rule is “Every violation of jail/prisons discipline shall be dealt with accordingly. In extreme cases, where the violation necessitates immediate action, the warden or the Officer of the day may administer action taken to the Disciplinary Board.”

Under section 3, par. D, Rule XIV of the BJMP Manual states the limitations of punishments imposed to offenders as:

1. No female offenders shall be subjected to any disciplinary punishment that may affect her unborn or nursing child.

2. No Handicapped offender shall be made to suffer a punishment that might affect his health or physical well-being.

3. Corporal punishment, confinement in dark, ill-ventilated cells and any other form of cruel, unusual, inhumane or degrading punishment are absolutely prohibited.

4. Whenever the penalty of extra-fatigue duty or solitary confinement imposed affect the health of the offender, medical examination shall be conducted to determine his physical fitness to serve his punishment.

5. The jail physician shall visit the inmate undergoing punishment when necessary and shall advise the warden if he recommends the termination of the punishment on grounds of physical and mental health.

Instrument of restraint such as handcuffs, leg iron and straightjacket are not be applied as a form of punishment. They shall only be used as a precaution against escape or on ground of medical precautions to prevent the offender from injuring himself or others.

Breaches of Discipline must be handled without anger or emotionalism and decisions must be executed firmly and justly.

TREATMENT OF SPECIAL OFFENDERS

Special Offenders includes women offenders, drugs addict, alcoholic, mentally ill persons and sex deviates.

Under Rule 15 of the BJMP Manual, it states that unusual offenders should not be held in jails or prisons the common jail/prison population. They should be segregated with other institutions as their temporary detention houses. However special methods of treatment shall be made such as the following:

Female Offenders

The women’s quarter should be fully separated from the men quarters and no men shall be allowed to enter the women’s quarter. Female jail staff members must do all handling and supervision of female prisoners. Only works suitable to their sex, age and physically conditions should be assigned to them.

Drug Addicts/Alcoholic/Sex Deviates and Mentally-ill Inmates

They must be controlled through segregation and close supervision, the medical officer shall make especial treatment/medications measures should be taken to enable the offender to follow strictly the physicians advise, constant search must be conducted to the quarters or cells for seizure of narcotics and other dangerous drug, and liquor, and transfer of the inmate to the appropriate government or private authority for their especial treatment.

OFFENSES

Minor Offenses

1. Selling or bartering with fellow inmate, of items not classified as contraband

2. Rendering personal service to fellow inmate.

3. Untidy or dirty in his personal appearance.

4. Littering or failing to maintain cleanliness and orderliness in his quarters and/or surroundings.

5. Making frivolous or groundless complaints.

6. Taking the cudgels for or reporting complaints on behalf of other inmates.

7. Late in formation or duty without justification reasons.

8. Willful waste of food.

Less Grave Offenses

1. Failure to report for work detail without sufficient justification.

2. Failure to render assistance to an inured personnel or inmate.

3. Failure to assist in putting out fires inside the jail.

4. Acting boisterously during religious, social and other group functions.

5. Swearing, cursing or using profane or defamatory language, directed personally towards other persons.

6. Malingering or reporting for sick call to escape work assignment.

7. Spreading rumors or maliciously intriguing against the honor of any person, particularly members of the custodial force. 8. Failing to stand at attention and give due respect when confronted by or reporting to any officer or member of the custodial force.

9. Forcing fellow inmates to render personal service to himself and/or others.

10. Exchange uniform or wearing clothes other than those issued to him for the purpose of circumventing jail rules.

11. Loitering or being in an unauthorized place.

12. Using the telephone without authority from the Desk Officer/Warden.

13. Writing, defacing, or drawing on walls, floors or any furniture or equipment.

14. Withholding information which is inimical and prejudicial to the jail administration.

15. Possession of lewd or pornographic literature and/or photographs.

16. Absence from cell, brigade, place of work during head count, or at any time without justifiable reason.

17. Failing to turn over any implements/articles issued after the work detail.

18. Committing any act prejudicial to or which is not necessary to good order and discipline.

Grave Offenses

1. Making untruthful statement or lies in official communication, transaction, or investigation.

2. Keeping or concealing keys or locks of places in the jail where it is off-limits to inmates.

3. Giving gifts, selling to, or bartering with jail personnel.

4. Keeping in his possession money, jewelry, or other contraband which the rules prohibit.

5. Tattooing others or avoiding himself to be tattooed or any part of the body, or keeping any paraphernalia to be used in tattooing.

6. Forcibly taking or extracting money from fellow inmates.

7. Punishing or inflicting injury or harm upon himself or other inmates.

8. Receiving, keeping, taking or imbibing liquor and other prohibited drugs.

9. Making, improvising or keeping any kind of deadly weapon.

10. Concealing or withholding information on plans of attempted escapes.

11. Unruly conduct and behavior and flagrant disregard of discipline and instructions.

12. Escaping, attempting or planning to escape from the institution or from any guard.

13. Helping, aiding or abetting others to escape.

14. Fighting, causing any disturbance or participating therein and/or agitating to cause such disturbance or riot.

15. Indecent, immoral or lascivious acts by himself or others and/or allowing to be the subject of such indecent, immoral or lascivious acts.

16. Willful disobedience to a lawful order issued by an officer or member of the custodial force.

17. Assaulting any officer or member of the custodial force.

18. Damaging any government property or equipment issued to the inmates.

19. Participating in any kangaroo court, an unauthorized or irregular court conducted with disregard for or perversion of legal procedures as a mock court by inmates in a jail/prison.

20. Affiliating oneself to any gang or faction whose main purpose is to foment regionalism or to segregate themselves from others.21. Failing to inform the authorities concerned when afflicted with any communicable Disease, like VD, etc.

22. Engaged in gambling or any game of chance.

23. Committing any act which is in violation of nay law or ordinance, in which case, he shall separately be prosecuted criminally in accordance with law.

CUSTODY, SECURITY AND CONTROL, MOVEMENT AND TRANSFER OF PRISONERS AND DETAINEES

Security and Control

a. Maintain strict control of firearms. Never permit any firearm inside the jail except in some areas where firearm are authorized.

b. Maintain 24-hour supervision of inmates.

c. Maintain system of key control which shall include an accurate listing of all keys and of receipting them. Never permit the inmates to handle keys or to study them

d. Secure firearms and anti-riot equipment in the armory where they shall be within easy reach of the jail guard and yet afford maximum security against access by offenders.

e. Supervise the proper use of tools and potentially dangerous articles such as bottles, acids, kitchen knives, etc.. and keep them out of offenders’ reach when not in use.

f. Conduct regular inmates’ count at least four (4) times within the 24-hour a day-period. Establish procedures which will ensure beyond doubt, that every offender is physically present or accountable for, at every count.

g. Conduct frequent surprise searches of offenders and their quarters to detect contraband.

h. Conduct frequent inspections of security facilities to detect tampering or defects.

i. Guard against escapes, assault on jail personnel and inmates’ disturbances.

j. Develop plans with emergencies like escape, fires, assaults, riots and noise barrage. Make plans known and understood by jail personnel.

k. Never allow a jail guard to open the inmates’ cells alone. At least, another guard should be present.

l. Select carefully the inmates to be assigned as orderly or aide and maintain rigid control over their activities.

No offender should be allowed to assume any of the authority, which belongs to the jail staff or shall any inmate be allowed to exercise authority, supervision and control over other prisoners.

MOVEMENTS/TRANSFER OF INMATES

DOs

1. Maximum security measures shall be observed at all times in providing escort to non-bailable inmates following the ratio of one is to one plus one security.

2. Inmates in transit should always be handcuffed.

3. Regard all non-bailable inmates being transferred as extremely dangerous to avoid being careless.

4. Always escort an inmate in going to a toilet or washroom.

5. Escort personnel must have issued firearms and at least one (1) basic load of ammunition.

6. Guards/escorts must follow the most direct route from jail to court and back.

7. Escorts should provide their own drinks to avoid being drugged which would affect their sensorium.

8. High risk inmates should have back-up vehicles and personnel to preempt rescue and/or abduction.

9. A guard must be extra careful not to sit, stand or walk next to an inmate while carrying a gun as it can be easily grabbed from him.

10. Movement or transfer of inmate shall be treated confidentially.

11. Transporting prisoners by hired vehicle should proceed uninterrupted while passing along the highway.

DONT’S

1. Never allow to escort non-bailable inmates without following the ratio of one is to one plus one security.

2. Never allow the transport of inmates without being handcuffed.

3. Never underestimate non-bailable inmates as non-dangerous persons.

4. Never allow an inmate to go to the toilet or washroom alone,

5. Never escort inmates without a firearm and a basic load of ammunition.

6. No deviation is allowed in the escorting of prisoners, only the places authorized in the court order should be strictly followed.

7. Never accept any drinks offered by inmates for they may be mixed with prohibited or regulated drugs that may affect your sensorium.

8. Never escort high-risk inmates without backup vehicles and personnel.

9. Never sit, stand or walk next to an inmate while carrying a gun as it can easily be grabbed from him.

10. Never announce the movement or transfer of inmates for security reasons.

11. Never allow the driver of a hired vehicle to stop along the highway while transporting prisoners.

Prison Services Subject to the availability of resources, a jail shall provide the following services and programs to encourage and enhance the inmates’ self-respect., dignity, and sense of responsibility:

a. Food

There shall be a unit in every jail, which shall be responsible for the daily allocation of rations to inmates based on an accurate body count and shall coordinate with the custodial force in the supervision of food so that equitable distribution is maintained. Unless authorized by competent authority food rations shall not be taken out by an inmate form the mess hall or designated eating places unless permission therefore is granted by competent authority.

b. Medical and Dental

A jail shall have at least one qualified medical doctor and a dentist and a nurse. Medical services shall be organized in close coordination with the provincial health unit.

c. Education, and Skills Training

A jail shall provide literacy classes to inmates and provide them with vocational educational or training.

d. Religious, Guidance and Counseling

Religious materials and services shall be provided to inmates. There shall be designated place of worship in a jail and subject to security conditions; private religious organizations shall be allowed to visit inmates.

e. Recreation, Sports and Entertainment

Recreation and sports facilities and activities shall be provided by jail authorities to inmates. Wholesome entertainment may be allowed upon prior approval by competent authorities.

f. Work Programs

Each jail shall have a work program that will provide inmates with compensation for their labor and that will enable inmates to augment their food requirements.

g. Visitation

Inmates shall be allowed to be visited by their immediate family, and reputable friends at regular intervals and during designated hours.

h. Shelter or Living Space

Upon admission, an inmate shall be assigned a cell or area where he is given a bunk, a steel wooden bed or mat, a pillow or blanket, and a mosquito net.

SECURITY PROCEDURES

Basic Security Procedures

a. Firearms shall not be carried in designated places inside the jail premises.

b. Supervision of inmates shall be on a 24-hour basis.

c. A system of key control shall be maintained. Prisoners shall not be allowed to handle keys to study them.

d. Firearms and anti-riot equipment shall be kept securely in the armory.

e. The use of all tools and other potentially dangerous articles such as bottles, acid, kitchen knives, etc. shall be closely supervised. Said items shall be kept out of reach of prisoners when not in use.

f. An accurate head count of inmates shall be made at least four (4) times within a 24-hour period.

g. Periodic surprise searches of prisoners and their quarters shall be made to detect the presence of contraband.

h. Security facilities shall be periodically examined to detect tampering or defects.

i. Adequate precautions shall be made to prevent escapes and assaults of prison guards and prisoner disturbance.

j. A jail guard shall always be accompanied by another jail guard when opening the prisoners quarters.

Inmate Head Count

a. The count shall be made at specific times.

b. During the count, inmates shall not be allowed to move until the count is completed.

c. There must be a positive verification of an inmate’s presence. Counting an inmate as present on the basis of seeing any part of his clothing, his hair, or shoes shall not be made.

d. A written report on the results of each headcount shall be submitted to the Warden or Assistant Warden.

e. If the inmate count does not tally with the list of inmates, another count shall be made and a report immediately made to the Warden/Assistant Warden for any unaccounted prisoner.

Meal Services - If meals are served in a dining room or similar facility, the following security measures shall be observed: a. Individual mess utensils of inmates shall be made of plastic.

b. The inmates shall be marched in columns of two along designated routes under the supervision of one or two jail guards. Other officials may be stationed along the route to direct the orderly movement of prisoners to and from the mess hall.

c. There shall be a roving supervisor to establish order in the dining room area.

d. After meals, all eating and kitchen utensils of inmates shall be collected and accounted for. If meals are served inside the cells/quarters, the jail guard shall not enter the cells/quarters to distribute food unless another officer is available to handle the keys and control the entrance door. If the food shall be served without unlocking the door if there is a danger of being overpowered by the inmates. If there is no danger, the door may be opened but the jail guard shall remain on alert.

Work Detail - In case an inmate is detailed to work outside the immediate vicinity of the jail premises, the following security procedures shall be observed:

a. In no case will an inmate be allowed to work outside the jail premises without an escort guard.

b. Security shall be on one inmate: one guard ratio.

c. The inmate shall be bodily searched before and after his work detail.

Outside Movement - The following basic security precautions shall be observed during the transfer/movement of inmates such as referrals to an outside hospital, viewing the remains of a deceased relative, transfer of a national prisoner to a national or other penal institution, and appearance before a court or other competent authority. Any movement of this nature should be treated confidentially.

a. Before Embarkation

1. The written mission order issued by the Jail Warden/Governor, the mittimus, and other prison records of the inmate shall be placed in the custody or the possession of one of the escort guards.

2. Whenever possible, the transfer shall be effected during daylight hours.

3. The escort guard shall be given detailed instructions on their duties and responsibilities, including specific instructions that they use the most direct travel routes to their authorized destination.

4. The inmate shall be thoroughly searched for contraband or deadly weapons or objects which may be used for escape or self-destruction.

5. Money found in the possession of the inmate shall be confiscated by the Desk Officer who shall issue a receipt therefore and who shall return the money to the inmate upon his return. If the inmate is to be confined and needs money for medicine or food, the money shall be turned over under receipt to the escort guard. All disbursements made by the escort guard shall be properly receipted.

6. The prisoner shall be placed in handcuffs or other instrument of restraint. If there is more than one prisoner to be transferred, they shall be grouped in pairs and securely connected to one another by a rope, ascertaining that the inmate does not have crippled, deformed, or very small hands to allow him to slip the handcuffs off.

7. Handcuffs shall be properly adjusted for tightness before departure to avoid the need to adjust the same while in transit.

8. The inmate shall stay inside the jail premises until the vehicle to be used in transporting him is ready for boarding. The inmate shall board a motor vehicle ahead of the jail guard.

b. In Transit

1. The handcuffs or instruments of restraint shall not be removed while the inmates are in transit. An inmate shall not be handcuffed to any part of the vehicle during the transit to avoid being trapped in case of a vehicular accident.

2. If it is necessary to board public transportation such as ship or airplane, the guards shall position themselves with their inmate in an area that is cleared of civilians or if this is not possible shall sit position themselves between a civilian of if this is not possible shall sit position themselves between a civilian and the inmate.

3. All inmates being transferred shall be regarded as possible escapees. The inmate being escorted shall always be under the supervision of a guard at all times, including going to the toilet or washroom, and shall always be close enough to the prisoner to respond to any untoward incident.

4. If there is more than one inmate being escorted, there shall be a head count of the inmates every turn-over of the guarding shift. The team leader of the escort guard detail shall conduct an inspection during all guarding shifts.

5. An inmate should be allowed to tinker with his handcuffs.

6. A guard shall always walk behind and not in front of the inmate being escorted.

7. If armed, the guard shall not sit, stand or walk beside the inmate, or in any case, allow the inmate to reach his firearm.

8. The guard shall not pass any unauthorized place while in transit.

9. Stopping along the highway while in transit is highly discouraged especially when transporting prisoners by vehicle solely for their use.

c. Arrival at Destination

1. Upon arrival at the authorized destination, the guards and their prisoners shall stay in the public transportation until the same is cleared of the other passengers. They shall only disembark after the inmate and his personal belongings have been searched/inspected and the transportation that will bring them finally to their final destination is ready for boarding.

2. The handcuff or instrument of restraint may be removed at the authorized destination if there is no danger of escape. The guard shall return the inmate to the jail as soon as the purpose of the outside movement has been served.

Medical Referrals - In case of the medical referral of an inmate to an outside hospital, the following security procedures shall also be observed.

a. The inmate who is brought to an outside hospital for medical treatment shall be provided with at least two (2) escort guards and returned to the jail during the daylight hours after the treatment is completed.

b. If the inmate is to be confined in a hospital, the inmate may be handcuffed to the bed if he is ambulatory and there is a risk that he may escape.

c. At no time shall the inmate be left unguarded. Issuance of uniforms etc. The newly admitted inmate shall be issued two (2) regulation uniforms/suits and two (2) t-shirts. Whenever practicable, he shall also be issued the following items:

a. One (1) blanket;

b. One (1) mat;

c. One (1) pillow with pillow case;

d. One (1) mosquito net;

e. One (1) set, mess kit; and

f. One (1) pair of slippers.

The inmate shall be held responsible and accountable for the items issued to him.

Personal effects of an inmate.- In addition to the articles supplied by the prison, the inmate may bring clothes and other items essential to his well-being, provided the quantity, nature, and dimension thereof will not interfere with the safety and living conditions of the other inmates. The Superintendent may allow the inmate to bring in electrical equipment like television sets, radio cassettes, video players, electric fans and similar items provided the same is for common use with other inmates.

In no case shall an inmate be allowed to bring in luxurious items such as air conditioners, carpets, sofas, beds, sleeping, mattresses, washing machines, and the like.

Colonist

1. Be at least a first-class inmate and has served one (1) year immediately preceding the completion of the period specified in the following qualifications;

2. Has served imprisonment with good conduct for a period equivalent to one-fifth (1/5) of the maximum term of his prison sentence, or seven (7) years in the case of a life sentence.

Privileges of a colonist

1. Credit of an additional GCTA of five (5) days for each calendar month while he retains said classification aside from the regular GCTA authorized under Article 97 of the Revised Penal Code;

2. Automatic reduction of the life sentence imposed on the colonist to a sentence imposed on the colonist to a sentence of thirty (30) years;

3. Subject to the approval of the Director, to have his wife and children, or the woman he desires to marry, live with him in the prison and penal farm. Transportation expenses of the family going to and the discharge of the colonist from the prison and the farm shall be for the account of the government. The family may avail of all prison facilities such as hospitals, church and school free of charge. All the members of the family of a colonist shall be subject to the rules governing the prison and penal farm;

4. As special reward to deserving colonist, the issuance of a reasonable amount of clothing and ordinarily household supplies from the government commissary to free subsistence; and

5. To wear civilian clothes on such special occasions as may be designated by the Superintendent. Inmates who are spouses- Husband and wife inmates may be allowed to serve their sentence together in a prison and penal farm as soon as both are classified as colonists.

INMATES DAILY ACTIVITIES From 5:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.

5:00 a.m. Waking up/grooming

6:00 a.m. Counting

6:30 a.m. Exercise/Workout

7:00 a.m. Breakfast

8:00 a.m. Flag Ceremony (every Monday)

8:30 a.m. Leave for Work

10:00 a.m. Respite from Work

10:30 a.m. Lunch Time

11:30 a.m. Counting

12:00 noon to 1:00 p.m. Silence Hour/Siesta Time

1:05 p.m. Waking-up

1:30 p.m. Return to work

3:30 p.m. Respite from Work

4:00 p.m. Counting

4:30 p.m. Dinner

5:00 p.m. Leisure Time

5:30 p.m. TV Viewing

7:00 p.m. Counting Time

9:00 p.m. Silence/Sleeping Time

When conducting routine custodial (in cell or compound) guarding, the ratio of 1:7 or one (1) guard for every seven (7) inmates shall be observed.

When an inmate is in transit, the ratio of 1:1 +1 for every inmate shall be observed. In case of a high-risk inmate that demands extra precaution, additional guards shall be employed.

Non-Institutional Corrections: Next Page

Institutional Corrections Reviewer 2

On criminology

CORRECTION - it is a branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. It is that field of criminal justice administration which utilizes the body of knowledge and practices of the government and society in general involving the process of handling individuals who have been convicted of offenses for purposes of crime management and administration as well as the rehabilitation and reformation of criminals.

It is a generic term that includes all the government agencies, facilities, programs, procedures, personnel, and techniques concerned with the investigation, intake, custody, confinement, supervision, or treatment of alleged offenders.

Correction as a Process: Refers to the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent him or her from repeating his deviant or delinquent actions without the necessity of taking punitive actions but rather the introduction of individual measures of reformation.

CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION - it refers to the study and practice of a systematic management of jails or prisons and other institutions concerned with the custody, treatment and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.

PENOLOGY - the study of punishment for a crime or criminal offenders. It includes the study of control and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders. The term is derived from the Latin word “POENA” which means pain or suffering. Penology is otherwise known as Penal science. It is actually a division of criminology that deals with prison management and the treatment of offenders and concerned itself with the philosophy and practice of the society in its effort to repress criminal activities.

Principal Aims of Penology:

1. To bring light in the ethical barriers of punishment, along with the motives and purposes of society inflicting it.

2. To make comparative study of penal laws and procedures through history between nations.

3. To evaluate the social consequences of the policies enforced at a given time

PENAL MANAGEMENT - refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling phases of confinement as in jails or prison.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON CORRECTION

PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF PENOLOGY

1. Classical School – the doctrine of psychological hedonism or freewill.

2. Neo-Classical School – children and lunatics must be free from punishment.

3. Positivist/Italian School – denied individual responsibility and reflected on positive reactions to crime and criminality.

PUNISHMENT AND THE CRIMINAL

PUNISHMENT is the redress that the state takes against an offending member of society that usually involves pain and suffering. It is also the penalty imposed on an offender for a crime or wrongdoing.

ANCIENT FORMS OF PUNISHMENT

1. DEATH PENALTY – affected by burning, stoning, crucifixion, electrocution, gas chamber, beheading, and hanging, breaking at the wheels, pillory and other forms of medieval executions.

2. PHYSICAL TORTURE – affected by maiming, mutilation, whipping and other inhumane or barbaric forms of inflicting pain.

3. SOCIAL DEGRADATION – putting the offender into shame or humiliation.

4. BANISHMENT OR EXILE – the sending or putting away of an offender which was carried out either by prohibition against coming into a specified territory such as an island to where the offender has been removed.

5. Other similar forms of punishment like transportation and slavery.

METHOD USED IN PUNISHMENT

1. Gag - to put something (such as a piece of cloth) into or over a person's mouth in order to prevent that person from speaking, calling for help, etc.

- used to shame and constrain “scold” who openly, habitually and abusively found fault, unjust, criticized, or lied about others.

2. Bridle - it is an iron cage that fit over the head and had a front plate that was sharpened or covered with spikes designed to fit into the mouth of the offender making movement of the tongue very painful.

3. Ducking Stool – it has been used as a punishment as early as the 11th century. Those sentenced to be “ducked” were placed on a chair and suspended over a body of water and plunged into it.

4. Stocks - used as outside jails to punish the idle prior to the construction of houses of correction in England.

5. Pillories - dates back to the pre-Christian era. In England, they were commonly employed during the Tudor period, but their peak use was during the 17th century.

6. Branding - for offenders to be identified and stigmatized. It was employed for making offenders, slaves and prisoners of war recognizable.

7. Whipping/Flogging/Scourging - it is one of the oldest, most widely means of corporal punishment, dating back to ancient Egyptian times.

8. Russian Knot - the most formidable punisher ever devised This instrument was a wooden-handled whip that typically consisted of several rawhide thongs twisted together, terminating in a single strand that projected about 18 inches beyond the body of the knot. The strands sometimes had hooks or rings attached to the ends.

METHODS OF INFLICTING THE DEATH PENALTY

1. BEHEADING - is a method of capital punishment whereby a criminal’s head is sliced apart from the body, utilizing an axe or sword.

2. BLOOD ATONEMENT - A Religious belief utilized in capital punishment in which a convict’s blood must be shed during execution to “atone” before Christ for his sins. 3. BOILING TO DEATH - A Little-used method of capital punishment, utilized mainly to stun the victims before they were hanged on the gallows. The first use of this technique may have come soon after 1531, when it was made legal by King Henry VIII of England.

4. BREAKING ON THE WHEEL – A method of capital punishment marked by torzurous and agony-filled suffering on a wooden wheel while the condemned is stretched and has his or her limbs broken (by the executioner) with a metal rod or pole.

5. BURNING AT THE STAKE - A method of capital punishment in which the condemned is tied to a wooden stake, surrounded by flammable material (usually faggots or sticks of wood) assembled into a pyre, which is then lit a fire and allowed to burn until the victim is consumed.

6. CRUCIFIXION - Utilized in biblical times as a mode of torture and capital punishment, the act of crucifixion (“to crucify”) started mainly with the Roman system of justice. Rome used it from the beginning of the republic until the fourth century, though Roman citizens were exempt from the punishment by law.

7. DRAWING AND QUARTERING - A method of punishment, perhaps one of the most brutal, in which a prisoner was hanged until near death, torn down from the gallows, had his four limbs tied to two or four hours, and was then pulled apart as the horses ran off in different directions. Another part of the ritual was disembowelment. After he was hanged, while still alive, the culprit was dragged from the gallows, laid down on the ground, and his entrails were ripped from his body. Sometimes his genitals were also chopped off. Still alive after all this, the culprit was shown his entrails, before they were thrown on a fire and burned.

8. ELECTRIC CHAIR - A method of execution adopted in the United States in the last decade of the nineteenth century and used strictly in that nation.

9. GARROTE - A method of execution utilized almost exclusively in Austria as well as Spain before the latter nation abolished capital punishment in 1996. Many of the victims of the Spanish Inquisition suffered either the garrote or burning at the stake.

10. GAS CHAMBER - it is currently being phased out as “cruel and inhuman punishment.” After World War I, many people, disgusted with the brutality of electrocutions and hanging, sought a better, more efficient method of executing prisoners .

11. GIBBET - A method of displaying a condemned murderer’s body after execution, utilizing a steel cage usually hung near the place of execution. Halifax Gibbet. A method of execution, called the English guillotine; it operated on the same principle as the French model, with a larger base and pin instead of pulley to release the large blade.

12. HANGING - A method of execution in which the condemned is hanged by the neck with a rope or other cord from a gallows or, in the case of lynching, from a tree of lamppost. Hanging has always been considered a lowly form of punishment, a death reserved for cowards.

13. LETHAL INJECTION - After a prisoner is strapped down in a gurney, he is wheeled into the death chamber, in some cases the compartment where the electric chair or the gas chamber used to be situated. After the execution order is read, an intravenous needle is inserted into a vein, preferably in the arm, but if necessary- as often is the case with former drug users-in other veins. The tube connected to the needle is hooked up to a small machine containing three vials of solution. These chemicals are sodium pentothal (the trade name for thiopental), a barbiturate that renders the condemned unconscious; pancuronium bromide (brand name:Pavulon), which induces neuro-muscular paralysis; and potassium chloride (chemical name: KCI), which, in the prescribed dose, that stops the heart muscle. To ease the injection of the chemicals, a solution of sodium chloride, ordinary saline solution, is introduced.

14. MAZZATELLO - a method of capital punishment, utilized to a small degree in Italy during the era of the Papal States, which lasted from 756 to 1870 C.E. Crime historian Jay Robert Nash reports that the name of the process comes from the Italian word for the mallet, or poleax, used in the punishment.

15. STONING TO DEATH - a method of capital punishment, where a victim was chosen trapped in a corner, and pelted with heavy rocks and stones until his or her skull was crushed. This punishment was specified in the Mosaic Code, the laws of the Jews promulgated in the name of Moses.

EARLY FORMS OF PRISON DISCIPLINE

1. Hard Labor – productive works

2. Deprivation – deprivation of everything except the essentials of existence.

3. Monotony – giving the same food that is “off” diet, or requiring the prisoners to perform drab or boring daily routine.

4. Uniformity – “we treat the prisoner alike”, “the fault of one is the fault off all”.

5. Mass Movement – mass giving in cellblocks, mass eating, mass recreation, mass bathing.

6. Degradation – uttering insulting words or prisoners to degrade or break the confidence of prisoners.

7. Corporal Punishment – imposing brutal punishment or employing physical force to intimidate a delinquent inmate.

8. Isolation or Solitary Confinement – non-communication, limited news, “the lone wolf”

CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT

1. IMPRISONMENT - putting the offender in prison for the purpose of protecting the public against criminal activities and at the same time rehabilitating the prisoners by requiring them to undergo institutional treatment programs.

2. PAROLE - a conditional release of a prisoner after serving part of his/her sentence in prison for the purpose of gradually re-introducing him/her to free life under the guidance and supervision of a parole officer.

3. PROBATION -a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offence, the penalty of which does not exceed six years imprisonment, is released subject to the conditions imposed by the releasing court and under the supervision of a probation officer.

4. FINE - an amount given as a compensation for a criminal act.

5. DESTIERRO - the penalty of banishing a person from the place where he committed a crime, prohibiting him to get near or enter the 25-kilometer perimeter.

JUSTIFICATION OF PUNISHMENT

1. RETRIBUTION – the punishment should be provided by the state whose sanction is violated, to afford the society of the individual the opportunity of imposing upon the offender suitable punishment as might be enforced. Offenders should be punished because they deserved it. - (Just Deserts) defined as “deserved punishment for evil done,” is a relatively primitive reaction. It is not difficult to understand why this justification for the use of punishment (just deserts) has received a high level of public support throughout history.

Some of the religious and philosophical justification used to support retribution follows:

1. It fulfills a religious mission through retaliation. There are biblical sanctions for the punishment of transgressors, so society is doing God’s work by carrying out His punishment.

2. It removes the tension in society caused by the criminal act, creating harmony through retaliation.

3. It washes the guilt of the criminal away through suffering and express society’s disapproval of the behavior.

4. It makes victims whole again by making the offender suffer as they did.

Distinctions between Just Deserts and Retribution

Just Deserts can be viewed as the modern reformulation of the retributive views. Its primary emphasis is on what offenders fairly merit for their crimes. Its central organizing principle is proportionality–the severity of the penalty should be proportional to the gravity of the offense.

2. EXPIATION OR ATONEMENT - it is punishment in the form of group vengeance where the purpose is to appease the offended public or group.

3. DETERRENCE – punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing to others what would happen to them if they violate the law. Punishment is imposed to warn potential offenders that they can not afford to do what the offender has done.

Types of Deterrence

a. Specific Deterrence - occurs when offenders do not recidivate because they do not want to face further sanctions.

b. General Deterrence - occurs when other potential offenders do not engage in criminal activity because they want to avoid penalties that others have received.

4. INCAPACITATION AND PROTECTION – the public will be protected if the offender has being held in conditions where he cannot harm others especially the public. Punishment is effected by placing offenders in prison so that society will be ensured from further criminal depredations of criminals.

Incapacitation strategies have taken the three approaches;

a. Collective incapacitation – all individuals convicted of a certain offense (e.g., robbery) receive the same sentence (e.g., 5 years).

b. Selective incapacitation – base sentences on predictions that certain offenders will commit serious offenses at higher rates than others convicted of the same types of crimes. These predictions are based primarily on the offender’s prior record, age, and juvenile and adult drug use.

c. Criminal career incapacitation – involves the identification of classes of criminals who typically have active high rates of crime.

5. REFORMATION OR REHABILITATION – it is the establishment of the usefulness and responsibility of the offender. Society’s interest can be better served by helping the prisoner to law abiding citizen and productive upon his return to the community by requiring him to undergo intensive programs of rehabilitation in prison.

What is PENALTY?

PENALTY is defined as the suffering inflicted by the state against an offending member for the transgression of law.

JURIDICAL CONDITIONS OF PENALTY

Punishment must be:

1. Productive of suffering – without however affecting the integrity of the human personality.

2. Commensurate with the offense – different crimes must be punished with different penalties (Art. 25, RPC).

3. Personal – the guilty one must be the one to be punished, no proxy.

4. Legal – the consequence must be in accordance with the law.

5. Equal – equal for all persons.

6. Certain – no one must escape its effects.

7. Correctional – changes the attitude of offenders and become law-abiding citizens.

PENALTIES AS TO GRAVITY

1. Death Penalty – Capital punishment

2. Reclusion Perpetua – life imprisonment, a term of 20-40 yrs imprisonment

3. Reclusion Temporal – 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 years imprisonment

4. Prison Mayor – 6yrs and 1 day to 12 years

5. Prison Correctional – 6 months and 1 day to 6 years

6. Arresto Mayor – 1 month and 1 day to 6 months

7. Arresto Menor – 1 day to 30 days

8. Bond to Keep the Peace – discretionary on the part of the court.

THE EARLY CODES

History has shown that there are three main legal system in the world, which have been extended to and adopted by all countries aside from those that produced them. In their chronological order, they are the Roman, the Mohammedans or Arabic and the Anglo-American Laws. Among the three, it was Roman law that has the most lasting and most pervading influence.

The Roman private law (which include Criminal Law), especially has offered the most adequate basic concepts which sharply define, in concise and inconsistent terminology, mature rules and a complete system, logical and firm, tempered with a high sense of equity.

BABYLONIAN AND SUMERIAN CODES

1. Code of King Hammurabi (Hammurabic Code) (also known as the Codex Hammurabi and Hammurabi's Code),

- credited as the oldest code prescribing savage punishment, but in fact, Sumerian codes were nearly one hundred years older.

- created ca. 1780 B.C.E., is one of the earliest sets of laws found and one of the best preserved examples of this type of document from ancient Mesopotamia.

- The code is a collection of the legal decisions made by Hammurabi during his reign as king of Babylon, inscribed on a stele, a large stone monument, and placed in a public place so that all could see it

- is best known for the promulgation of a new code of Babylonian law: the Code of Hammurabi.

- This Law was written before the Mosaic Code and was one of the first written laws in the world. The code of Hammurabi contained 282 laws, written by scribes on 12 tablets.

ROMAN AND GREEK CODES

2. Justinian code is a compilation of imperial constitutions made by a commission consisting of ten persons. The commission was appointed by Justinian and Tribonian was the head of the commission. The code was published in A.D. 529. The commission carried out the project in February A.D. 528 through April 529. Justinian Code replaced all prior imperial law, but was in force only until A.D. 534. The code was replaced by the Codex Repetitae Praelectionis. In modern writings, the A.D. 534 version is the work referred to as the Justinian Code. The Justinian code is also called as Code of Justinian, Codex Justinianus, Codex Vetus (“Old Code”), and Codex Iustinianus Repetitae Praelectionis.

3. The Twelve Tables (XII Tabulae), (451-450 BC) – represented the earliest codification of Roman law incorporated into the Justinian Code. It is the foundation of all public and private law of the Romans until the time of Justinian. It is also a collection of legal principles engraved on metal tablets and set up on the forum.

4. Greek Code of Draco – In Greece, the Code of Draco, a harsh code that provides the same punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it incorporates primitive concepts (Vengeance, Blood Feuds). The Greeks were the first society to allow any citizen to prosecute the offender in the name of the injured party.

5. The Burgundian Code (500 A.D) The code which specified punishment according to the social class of the offenders, dividing them into: nobles, middle class and lower class and specifying the value of the life of each person according to social status.

SIGNIFICANT DATES IN CORRECTION

1. THE SECULAR LAWS 4th A.D – Secular Laws were advocated by Christian Philosophers who recognizes the need for justice. Some of the proponents these laws were St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas. During this period, three laws were distinguished: External Law (Lex External), Natural Law (Lex Naturalis), and Human Law (Lex Humana). All these laws are intended for the common good, but the Human law only becomes valid if it does not conflict with the other two laws.

2. 5TH & 11TH CENTURY - Century of Darkness - corporal punishment are the mode of punishment

3. 13th Century – Securing Sanctuary In the 13th C, a criminal could avoid punishment by claiming refugee in a church for a period of 40 days at the end of which time he has compelled to leave the realm by a road or path assigned to him. In England at about 1468, torture as a form of punishment become prevalent.

4. 16TH CENTURY Transportation of criminals in England was authorized during the 16th century. At the end of the century, Russia and other European Countries followed this system. It partially relieved overcrowding of prisons. Transportation was abandoned in 1835.

5. 17TH C TO LATE 18TH CENTURY

Death Penalty became prevalent as a form of punishment.

GAOLS (Jails) were common. These are pre-trial detention facilities operated by the English Sheriff.

GALLEYS were also used. These are long, low, narrow, single-decked ships propelled by sails, usually rowed by criminals, a type of ship used for transportation of criminals in the 16th century.

HULKS - decrepit transport, former warship used to house prisoners in the 18th and 19th century. These were abandoned warships converted into prisons as means of relieving congestion of prisoners. They were also called “floating hells”.

6. THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT - The 18th Century is a century of change. It is the period of recognizing human dignity. It is the movement of reformation, the period of introduction of certain reforms in the correctional field by certain persons, gradually changing the old positive philosophy of punishment to a more humane treatment of prisoners with innovation programs.

THE EARLY PRISONS

1. MAMERTINE PRISON

- the only early Roman place of confinement, which is built under the main sewer of Rome in 64 B.C

- The Prison was constructed around 640-616 BC, by Ancus Marcius.

2. BRIDEWELL WORKHOUSE (1553-1700)

- The most popular workhouse in London which was built for the employment and housing of English prisoners.

- London’s Bridewell Prison was the location of many “firsts” in penology. For the first time in world history, imprisonment at hard labor was substituted for corporal or capital punishment, which is the very definition of a penitentiary.

- Bridewell, n. A house of correction for the confinement of disorderly persons; so called from a hospital built in 1553 near St. Bride s (or Bridget s) well, in London, which was subsequently a penal workhouse.

3. WALNUT STREET JAIL

- was originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia was converted into a state prison and became the first American Penitentiary.

- the first prison built in the United States to use individual cells and work details.

- It was located on Walnut Street, where it acquired the name Walnut Street Jail.

- It was designed by Robert Smith. He was one of the most prominent architects in Philadelphia.

- The prison was overcrowded and dirty, and inmates attacked each other regularly.

4. THE NEW GATE PRISON

- Although known as the new gate prison, it was not a real prison but an abandoned cooper mine located at Simsbury Connecticut, the inmates were confined underground, and were considered A BLACK HOLE OF HORRORS, which really belong to barbaric past.

- The first juvenile reformatory was the New York house of refuge, which was opened in January 1825.

- The first U.S. prison exclusively for women is known as the MOUNT PLEASANT FEMALE PRISON, was established in 1837 in Ossining, New York.

5. BOOT CAMPS/ SHOCK INCARCERATION

- a short term correctional programs resembling some aspects of military basic training. Serves as an alternative to long term traditional incarceration. Its targets younger offenders who resist authority and refuse to listen or learn in traditional classroom or treatment environments. The usual length of incarceration in boot camps ranges three to six months.

- The GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS officially established the first boot camp in 1983.

THE PIONEERS OF CORRECTIONAL REFORM

1. WILLIAM PENN (1614-1718) - William Penn fought for religious freedom and individual rights. He is the first leader to prescribe imprisonment as correctional treatment or major offenders. He is responsible for the abolition of death penalty and torture as a form of punishment.

2. ISAAC NEWTON - He published a book “PRINCIPIA” (1687), he encouraged intellectuals to investigate social phenomena scientifically and methodically.

3. JOHN LOCKE - he wrote an essay concerning human understanding.

4. CHARLES MONTESIQUIEU (Charles Louis Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de Montesiquieu) (1689-1755) - Charles Montesiquieu was a French historian and philosopher who analyzed law as an expression of justice.

- He believes that harsh punishment would undermine morality and that appealing to morals sentiments as a better means of preventing crime.

5. VOLTAIRE (Francois Marie Arouet) (1694-1778)

- He was the most versatile of all philosophers during this period. He believes that fear of shame was a deterrent to crime.

- He fought the legality-sanctioned practice of torture.

6. CESARE BONESA, MARCHESE DE BECCARIA (1738-1794) - He wrote an essay entitled “An Essay on Crimes and Punishment”, the most exciting essay on law during this century. It presented the humanistic goal of law.

7. JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) - He was one of the greatest of leaders in the reform of English criminal law. He believe that whatever punishment designed to negate what ever pleasure of gain the criminal derives from crime; the crime would go down. Bentham was the one who devise the ultimate PANOPTICAN PRISON – a prison that consist of the large circular building containing multi cells around the periphery. It was never built.

8. JOHN HOWARD (1726-1790) - He was sheriff of Bedsfordshire in 1773, who devote his life and fortune prison reform. After his finding on English Prisons, he recommended the following: single cells for sleeping, segregation of women, segregation of youth, provision of sanitation facilities, and abolition of fee system by which jailers obtained money from prisoners.

9. ALEXANDER MACANOCHIE - He is the Superintendent of the penal colony at Norfolk Island in Australia (1840)

- Introduced the “Mark System”. A system in which a prisoner is required to earn a number of marks based on proper department, labor and study in order to entitle him for a ticket for leave or conditional release which is similar to parole.

10. MANUEL MONTESIMOS - the Director of prisons in Valencia Spain (1835) who divided the number of prisoners into companies and appointed certain prisoners as petty officers in charge, which allowed good behaviour to prepare the convict for gradual release.

11. DOMETS OF FRANCE - established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys in 1839 providing housefathers as in charge of these boys.

12. SIR EVELYN RUGGLES BRISE - The Director of the English prison who opened the Borstal Institution for young offenders.

- The Borstal Institution is considered as the best reform institute for young offenders today.

13. WALTER CROFTON - He is the Director of the Irish Prison in 1854 who introduced the irish system that was modified from the Mocanochie’s mark system.

14. ZEBULON BROCKWAY - The Director of the Elmira Reformatory in New York (1876) who introduced certain innovational programs like the following: training school type, compulsory education of prisoners, casework methods, extensive use of parole, indeterminate sentence. The Elmira Reformatory is considered forerunner of modern penology because it had the all elements of a modern system.

15. JAMES V. BENNETT - he is the Director of Federal Bureau of Prisons who wrote about the closing of the Alcatraz Prison.

16. JEAN JACQUES VILLAIN - he pioneered the classification to separate women and children from hardened criminals.

OTHER PERSONALITIES

1. LOUIS DWIGHT (1793-1854) - Organized the prison discipline Society of Boston. He was the most vocal advocate of the Auburn system, and a director of the prison discipline society of Boston from 1825-1854, was the best source of information about the era of American prisoners.

2. SANFORD BATES (1884-1972)

- A legendary figure in American corrections. He became the first superintendent of the Federal prisons in 1929. The first director of the U.S. Bureau of Prisons in 1930.

- He is widely considered the FATHER OF MODERN PENOLOGY

3. ROBERT STROUD (1890-1963) - The birdman of Alcatraz.

- Most famous inmate in the Federal prison at Alcatraz

- Killed guard in front of 1100 inmates

- He served fifty four years in prison, forty of them in Solitary confinement.

4. MARY BELLE HARRIS - She was the first superintendent for the new women’s federal prison at Alderson, west Virginia.

TERMS TO PONDER

1. QUAKERS - Are religious group which has a strong pacifist and nonviolent ideology as a part of their faith. The best known quaker in America were William Penn and Richard M. Nixon.

2. JAILHOUSE LAWYER - Inmates claiming to have some legal knowledge who counsel and assist other inmates in preparation of legal document.

THE TWO RIVAL PRISON SYSTEM IN THE HISTORY OF CORRECTION

1. THE AUBURN PRISON SYSTEM - The prison system called the “Congregate System”.

Congregate System - Provided for prisoner confinement in separate cells but brought the inmates together into congregate workshops

- The prisoners are confined in their own cells during the night and congregate work in shops during the day.

- Complete silence was enforced.

2. THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SYSTEM - The prison system called “Solitary System”.

- Prisoners are confined in single cells day and night where they lived, they slept, and they ate and receive religious instructors.

- Complete Silence was also enforced.

- They are required to read the Bible.

 Emphasized religion and penitence; sometimes referred to as the separate system.

 Considered as the forerunner of modern penology located in Elmira, New York, 1976. It features a training school type of institutional program, social case work and extensive use of parole.

 It had all the elements of modern correctional system among which were a training school type, education and extensive use of parole based on the indeterminate sentence.

 Elmira Incorporated individualized treatment using a mark system, education, indeterminate sentence and vocational training. The reformatory was seen as not only a new model to rehabilitate young adults but also as a means to segregate them from hardened criminals and simultaneously lessen the problems of overcrowding.

 This institution was considered innovative in its use of “good time” credits to increase inmate compliance and productivity, thereby decreasing the length of time served in prison.

HISTORICAL SETTING OF CORRECTION IN THE PHILIPPINES

What is a Prison?

- It is penitentiary, an institution for the imprisonment (incarceration) of persons convicted of major/serious crimes.

- A building, usually with cells, or other places established for the purpose of taking safe custody or confinement of criminals.

- A place of confinement for those charged with or convicted of offences against the laws of the land.

Who is a PRISONER?

- is a person who is under the custody of lawful authority. A prisoner is also a person, who by reason of his criminal sentence or by a decision issue by a court, may be deprived of his liberty of freedom.

- is any person detained/confined in jail or prison for the commission of a criminal offence or convicted and serving in a penal institution.

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF PRISONERS

1. DETENTION PRISONERS

- Those detained for investigation, preliminary hearing, or awaiting trial.

- They are detainee in lock up jail or prisoners under the jurisdiction of the Courts.

2. SENTENCED PRISONERS

- offenders who are committed to the jail or prison in order to serve their sentence after final conviction by a competent court.

- They are prisoners under the jurisdiction of penal institutions.

3. PRISONERS WHO ARE IN SAFEKEEPING

- includes non-criminal offenders who are detained in order to protect the community against the harmful behavior.

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCE PRISONERS:

1. INSULAR OR NATIONAL PRISONERS

- those sentences to suffer a term of sentence of 3 years and 1 day to life imprisonment/death.

- Those sentence to suffer a term of imprisonment cited above but appealed the judgement and unable to file a bond for their temporary liberty.

2. PROVINCIAL PRISONERS

- those people sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 6 months and 1 day to 3 years or fined not more than 1,000 pesos, or both; or those detained therein waiting preliminary investigation of their cases cognizable by the RTC.

3. CITY PRISONERS

- those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment form 1 day to 3 years of a fine of not more than 1,000 pesos or both.

- Those detained therein whose cases are filed with the MTC.

- Those detained therein who cases are cognizable by the RTC and under preliminary investigation.

4. MUNICIPAL PRISONERS

- those confined in Municipal jails to serve an imprisonment from 1 day to 6 months.

- Those detained therein who trials there cases are pending with the MTC.

CLASSIFICATION OF DETAINEES

A. UNDERGOING INVESTIGATION

B. AWAITING OR UNDERGOING TRIAL

C. AWAITING FINAL JUDGEMENT

INMATES SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

A. High Risk Inmate

B. High Profile Inmate

C. Ordinary Inmate

CLASSIFICATION OF PRISONERS ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF SECURITY:

1. SUPER MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISONERS

- A special group of prisoner composed of incorrigible, intractable, and highly dangerous persons who are the source of constant disturbance even in a maximum – security prison.

- They were orange color of uniform.

2. MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISONERS

- It is a group of prisoners whose escape could be dangerous to the public or the security of the state.

- It consist of constant trouble makers but not as dangerous as the super maximum-security prisoners.

- Their movements are restricted and they are not allowed to work outside the institution but rather assigned to industrial shops with in the prison compound.

- They are confined at the Maximum Security Prison (NBP Main Building), they wear orange color of uniform. Prisoners includes those sentenced to serve sentence 20 years or more, or those whose sentenced are under review of the supreme court, and offenders who are criminally insane having severe personality or emotional disorders that make them dangerous to fellow offenders or staff members.

3. MEDIUM SECURITY PRISONERS

- Those who cannot be trusted in open conditions and pose lesser danger than maximum-security prisoners in case they escape.

- It consists of groups of prisoners who maybe allowed working outside the fence or walls of the penal institution under guards or with escorts.

- They occupy the Medium Security Prison (Camp Sampaguita) and they wear blue color of uniforms. Generally, they are employed as agricultural workers.

- It includes prisoners whose minimum sentence is less than 20 years and life-sentenced prisoners who served at least 10 years inside a maximum-security prison.

4. MINIMUM SECURITY PRISONERS

- It is a group of prisoners who can be reasonably trusted to serve sentence under “open conditions”.

- This group includes prisoners who can be trusted to report to their work assignments without the presence of guards.

- They occupy the Minimum Security Prison (Camp Bukang Liwayway) and wear brown color uniforms.

What is a JAIL?

It is a place for locking up of persons who are convicted of minor offenses or felonies who are to serve short sentences imposed upon them by a competent court, or for the confinement of persons who are awaiting trial or investigation of their cases.

TYPES OF JAILS

1. LOCK-UP JAILS

- is a security facility, common to police stations, used for temporary confinement of an individual held for investigation

2. ORDINARY JAILS

- is the type of jail commonly used to detain a convicted criminal offender to serve a sentence less than three years.

3. WORKHOUSES, JAIL FARMS OR CAMP

- a facility that houses minimum custody offenders who are serving short sentences or who are undergoing constructive work programs.

- It provides full employment of prisoners, remedial services, and constructive leisure time activities.

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