Police Photography Reviewer
On criminology
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Police Photography Reviewer (Definition of Terms)
Forensic Photography Reviewer
Alhazen (Ibn Al-Haytham) - a great authority on optics in the Middle Ages who lived around 1000 AD, invented the first pinhole camera, (also called the Camera Obscura } and was able to explain why the images were upside down.
Angelo Sala - a self-educated chemist, he discovered that when paper contained powdered silver nitrate it would react with sunlight, causing it to darken. These pioneering experiments with silver salts were a
crucial step towards the later invention of photography. He published his findings in a pamphlet in 1614.
Anna Atkins - (1799- 1871) an English Botanist, she is considered to be the first female photographer.
Aristotle - observed and noted the first casual reference to the optic laws that made pinhole cameras possible, around 330 BC, he questioned why the sun could make a circular image when it shined
through a square hole.
Arthur Fellig - (Weegee) became famous because of his frequent, seemingly prescient arrivals at scenes only minutes after crimes, fires, or other emergencies were reported to authorities.
Camera - a device for recording visual images in the form of photographs, film, or video signals.
- Is a light-tight box with a light-gathering device and a means of blocking unwanted or unnecessary light from reaching the sensitized material.
- Basically, the camera can produce an image with its four-(4) basic parts such as a light-tight box, lens, and shutter, Holder of sensitized material.
Essential Parts of a Camera
1. Light Tight Box – a box designed to keep light out and serve as a frame to hold other parts.
2. Lens – designed to collect or to focus the reflected light from an object to form an image on the film.
3. Shutter – designed to control the time during which the light reaches the film
4. Holder of the sensitized material – located at the opposite side of the lens designed to hold firmly the sensitized material to prevent the formation of multiple or blurred images
5. View finder – designed to determine the field of view of the camera or the extent of the coverage of the given lens
OTHER PARTS OF A CAMERA
A. Viewing System - Is that part of the camera that provides the means of showing the photographer the entire scene coverage that can be recorded in the sensitized material?
B. Film Advancer (film advance lever or knob) - designed to transfer the exposed film to the other side or to the take-up spool and the unexposed film will be on the opposite side of the lens for another exposure.
C. Shutter speed - is that part of the camera that regulates the time exposure of the film thus, affecting the amount of light reaching the sensitized material. It is usually expressed in a fraction of a second.
1/1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500 etc.
The speed number on the left is always two times more powerful in terms of light gathering than that of the right number. Using a fast shutter speed the photographer can stop or “freeze” the action of a person provided that necessary adjustment on the lens opening be made to maintain normal exposure.
D. Lens Aperture = the ratio between the diameter of the whole lens in relation to the focal length of the lens. It is the light-gathering power of the lens. Otherwise known as lens opening or relative aperture it is expressed in F-number.
f 2.8 f-4 f-5.6 f-8 f-11 f-16
The lower the f-number, the bigger the lens opening, and the bigger the lens opening the greater the volume of air that will be passed through the lends and reach the sensitized material.
If the objective of a photographer is to obtain the widest possible coverage of the lens in which objects are all sharp, It will be advisable to use a smaller lens opening.
E. Focusing = is that mechanism of a camera designed to control the degree of sharpness of the object to be photographed. It is usually obtained by estimating the distance between the camera and that of the object that will make a sharp or clear image.
TYPES OF THE CAMERA
Carl William Scheele - (1742-1786) Swedish scientist, self-educated. He used to work as an assistant in pharmacies and showed a talent in chemistry from a very young age. Despite an offer made to him to study in London or Berlin, he operated a pharmacy in Kφping where he spent the rest of his life and made all his important inventions. He was especially interested in chemical analysis and worked particularly with the chemical reactions between silver nitrate and sunlight, therefore making a breakthrough in the chemistry of photography. The records from his experiments were of great importance for the next generations of scientists.
1. View Finder Type – it is considered as the smallest and the simplest type of camera
2. Single Lens Reflex Camera – it is a type of camera best suited for police work due to the interchangeability of the lens
3. Twin Lens Reflex Camera – A type of camera with dual lens, one for focusing and the other for forming the image.
4. View or Press type – is considered the biggest and most expensive type of camera, used for movie-making
LENS - It is the image-forming device of the lens that actually has a greater effect on the quality of the image to be formed.
= a medium or system which converges or diverges light rays passing through it to form an image.
= Can be a glass or transparent material, which permits light to pass through and change the direction of light.
CLASSIFICATION OF LENSES
1. According to the type of image to be produced
a. Positive or Convex Lens (Converging Lens) Characterized by the fact that it is thicker at the center and thinner at the side which is capable of bending the light together and forming the image inversely.
b. Negative or Concave Lens (diverging Lens) Characterized by the fact that it is thinner at the center and thicker at the side and forms the virtual image on the same side of the lens.
2. According to the Degree of Corrections
a. Meniscus Lens = lens that has no correction.
b. Rapid Rectilinear Lens – lens corrected of distortion
c. Anastigmat Lens – correcting astigmatism
d. Achromatic Lens – correcting chromatic aberration
e. Apochromatic Lens – correcting both astigmatism and chromatic aberration
Carl William Scheele - (1742-1786) Swedish scientist, self-educated. He used to work as an assistant in pharmacies and showed a talent in chemistry from a very young age. Despite an offer made to him to study in London or Berlin, he operated a pharmacy in Kφping where he spent the rest of his life and made all his important inventions. He was especially interested in chemical analysis and worked particularly with the chemical reactions between silver nitrate and sunlight, therefore making a breakthrough in the chemistry of photography. The records from his experiments were of great importance for the next generations of scientists.
Daniel Barbaro - first to introduce the use of lens in the camera.
Digital photography - uses an array of electronic photodetectors to capture the image focused by the lens, as opposed to an exposure on photographic film.
Emulsion - is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (nonmixable or unblendable). Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids.
Exposure - is the amount of light per unit area (the image plane illuminance times the exposure time) reaching a photographic film, as determined by shutter speed, lens aperture, and scene luminance.
Film Speed - is the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to light, determined by sensitometry and measured on various numerical scales, the most recent being the ISO system.
Digital photography - uses an array of electronic photodetectors to capture the image focused by the lens, as opposed to an exposure on photographic film.
Emulsion - is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (nonmixable or unblendable). Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids.
Exposure - is the amount of light per unit area (the image plane illuminance times the exposure time) reaching a photographic film, as determined by shutter speed, lens aperture, and scene luminance.
Film Speed - is the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to light, determined by sensitometry and measured on various numerical scales, the most recent being the ISO system.
Forensic - Derived from the Latin word “Forum” which means “a marketplace” where people gathered for public discussion.
Forensic Photography - (forensic imaging)(crime scene photography) is the art of producing an accurate reproduction of a crime scene or an accident scene using photography for the benefit of a court or to aid in an investigation.
Frederick Scoff Archer - an English sculptor who invented the wet plate negative in 1851. Using a viscous solution of collodion, he coated glass with light-sensitive silver salts. Because it was glass
and not paper, this wet plate created a more stable and detailed negative.
Gelatin - It is used to hold silver halide crystals in an emulsion in virtually all photographic films and photographic papers.
George Eastman - he invented in 1889 a film with a base that was flexible, unbreakable, and could be rolled. Emulsions coated on a cellulose nitrate film base, such as Eastman's, made the mass-produced
box camera a reality.
Hamilton Smith - he patented in 1856 the Tintypes, another medium that heralded the birth of photography. A thin sheet of iron was used to provide a base for light-sensitive material, yielding a positive image.
Forensic Photography - (forensic imaging)(crime scene photography) is the art of producing an accurate reproduction of a crime scene or an accident scene using photography for the benefit of a court or to aid in an investigation.
Frederick Scoff Archer - an English sculptor who invented the wet plate negative in 1851. Using a viscous solution of collodion, he coated glass with light-sensitive silver salts. Because it was glass
and not paper, this wet plate created a more stable and detailed negative.
Gelatin - It is used to hold silver halide crystals in an emulsion in virtually all photographic films and photographic papers.
George Eastman - he invented in 1889 a film with a base that was flexible, unbreakable, and could be rolled. Emulsions coated on a cellulose nitrate film base, such as Eastman's, made the mass-produced
box camera a reality.
Hamilton Smith - he patented in 1856 the Tintypes, another medium that heralded the birth of photography. A thin sheet of iron was used to provide a base for light-sensitive material, yielding a positive image.
---Tintypes - are a variation of the collodion wet plate process. The emulsion is painted onto a japanned (varnished) iron plate, which is exposed in the camera.
Heliographs - (sun prints) were the prototype for the modern photograph.
Henry Fox Talbot - an English botanist and mathematician and The inventor of the first negative from which multiple postive prints were made.
Hercules Florence - (1804-1879) Few details are known for his life. In 1824 goes to Brazil and takes part in a scientific mission at the Amazon, where he becomes preoccupied with the idea of recording images from his trip. From 1830 devotes himself to research and experimentation for photography. The above, gives Brazil the ability to claim that is one of the places in the world, where photography
was found.
Hippolyte Bayard - (1807-1887) The most unfortunate from the pioneers of photography. Discovered one direct positive photographic method. He was the first person to hold a photographic exhibition (for
humanitarian reasons) and the first who combined two negatives to created one print (called Combination Printing). As a civil servant and with five hundred franks that received as financial help from Arago for improving his method, prevented him from presenting the discovery of photography at the French Academy of Sciences.
Heliographs - (sun prints) were the prototype for the modern photograph.
Henry Fox Talbot - an English botanist and mathematician and The inventor of the first negative from which multiple postive prints were made.
Hercules Florence - (1804-1879) Few details are known for his life. In 1824 goes to Brazil and takes part in a scientific mission at the Amazon, where he becomes preoccupied with the idea of recording images from his trip. From 1830 devotes himself to research and experimentation for photography. The above, gives Brazil the ability to claim that is one of the places in the world, where photography
was found.
Hippolyte Bayard - (1807-1887) The most unfortunate from the pioneers of photography. Discovered one direct positive photographic method. He was the first person to hold a photographic exhibition (for
humanitarian reasons) and the first who combined two negatives to created one print (called Combination Printing). As a civil servant and with five hundred franks that received as financial help from Arago for improving his method, prevented him from presenting the discovery of photography at the French Academy of Sciences.
History of Photography - Timeline
Ancient Times: Camera obscuras used to form images on walls in darkened rooms; image formation via a pinhole.
16th century: Brightness and clarity of camera obscuras improved by enlarging the hole and inserting a telescope lens.
17th century: Camera obscuras in frequent use by artists and made portable in the form of sedan chairs.
1727: Professor J. Schulze mixes chalk, nitric acid, and silver in a flask; and notices darkening on the side of the flask exposed to sunlight. Accidental creation of the first photo-sensitive compound.
1800: Thomas Wedgwood makes "sun pictures" by placing opaque objects on leather treated with silver nitrate; resulting images deteriorated rapidly, however, if displayed under light stronger than from candles.
1816: Nicéphore Niépce combines the camera obscura with photosensitive paper
1826: Niépce creates a permanent image
1827: Joseph Nicephore Niepce made the first known photographic image using the camera obscura. The camera obscura was a tool used by artists to draw.
1834: Henry Fox Talbot creates permanent (negative) images using paper soaked in silver chloride and fixed with a salt solution. Talbot created positive images by contact printing onto another sheet of paper.
1837: Louis Daguerre creates images on silver-plated copper, coated with silver iodide and "developed" with warmed mercury; Daguerre is awarded a state pension by the French government in exchange for
publication of methods and the rights of other French citizens to use the Daguerreotype process.
1841: Talbot patents his process under the name "calotype".
1851: Frederick Scott Archer, a sculptor in London, improved photographic resolution by spreading a mixture of collodion (nitrated cotton dissolved in ether and alcohol) and chemicals on sheets of glass. Wet plate collodion photography was much cheaper than daguerreotypes, the negative/positive process permitted unlimited reproductions, and the process was published but not patented.
1853: Nadar (Felix Toumachon) opens his portrait studio in Paris.
1854: Adolphe Disderi develops carte-de-visite photography in Paris, leading to a worldwide boom in portrait studios for the next decade
1855: Beginning of stereoscopic era.
1855-57: Direct positive images on glass (ambrotypes) and metal (tintypes or ferrotypes) popular in the US.
1861: Scottish physicist James Clerk-Maxwell demonstrates a color photography system involving three black and white photographs, each taken through a red, green, or blue filter. The photos were turned into lantern slides and projected in registration with the same color filters. This is the "color separation" method.
1861-65: Mathew Brady and staff (mostly staff) cover the American Civil War, exposing 7000 negatives.
1868: Ducas de Hauron publishes a book proposing a variety of methods for color photography.
1870: Center of the period in which the US Congress sent photographers out to the West. The most famous images were taken by William Jackson and Tim O'Sullivan.
1871: Richard Leach Maddox, an English doctor, proposes the use of an emulsion of gelatin and silver bromide on a glass plate, the "dry plate" process.
1827: Joseph Nicephore Niepce made the first known photographic image using the camera obscura. The camera obscura was a tool used by artists to draw.
1834: Henry Fox Talbot creates permanent (negative) images using paper soaked in silver chloride and fixed with a salt solution. Talbot created positive images by contact printing onto another sheet of paper.
1837: Louis Daguerre creates images on silver-plated copper, coated with silver iodide and "developed" with warmed mercury; Daguerre is awarded a state pension by the French government in exchange for
publication of methods and the rights of other French citizens to use the Daguerreotype process.
1841: Talbot patents his process under the name "calotype".
1851: Frederick Scott Archer, a sculptor in London, improved photographic resolution by spreading a mixture of collodion (nitrated cotton dissolved in ether and alcohol) and chemicals on sheets of glass. Wet plate collodion photography was much cheaper than daguerreotypes, the negative/positive process permitted unlimited reproductions, and the process was published but not patented.
1853: Nadar (Felix Toumachon) opens his portrait studio in Paris.
1854: Adolphe Disderi develops carte-de-visite photography in Paris, leading to a worldwide boom in portrait studios for the next decade
1855: Beginning of stereoscopic era.
1855-57: Direct positive images on glass (ambrotypes) and metal (tintypes or ferrotypes) popular in the US.
1861: Scottish physicist James Clerk-Maxwell demonstrates a color photography system involving three black and white photographs, each taken through a red, green, or blue filter. The photos were turned into lantern slides and projected in registration with the same color filters. This is the "color separation" method.
1861-65: Mathew Brady and staff (mostly staff) cover the American Civil War, exposing 7000 negatives.
1868: Ducas de Hauron publishes a book proposing a variety of methods for color photography.
1870: Center of the period in which the US Congress sent photographers out to the West. The most famous images were taken by William Jackson and Tim O'Sullivan.
1871: Richard Leach Maddox, an English doctor, proposes the use of an emulsion of gelatin and silver bromide on a glass plate, the "dry plate" process.
1877: Eadweard Muybridge, born in England as Edward Muggridge, settles "do a horse's four hooves ever leave the ground at once" bet among rich San Franciscans by time-sequenced photography of Leland Stanford's horse.
1878: Dry plates being manufactured commercially.
1880: George Eastman, age 24, sets up Eastman Dry Plate Company in Rochester, New York. First half-tone photograph appears in a daily newspaper, the New York Graphic.
1888: First Kodak camera, containing a 20-foot roll of paper, enough for 100 2.5-inch diameter circular pictures.
1889: Improved Kodak camera with roll of film instead of paper.
1890: Jacob Riis publishes How the Other Half Lives, images of tenament life in New york City
1900: The Kodak Brownie box roll-film camera was introduced.
1902: Alfred Stieglitz organizes "Photo Secessionist" show in New York City
1906: Availability of panchromatic black and white film and therefore high quality color separation color photography. J.P. Morgan finances Edward Curtis to document the traditional culture of the North American Indian.
1907: First commercial color film, the Autochrome plates, manufactured by Lumiere brothers in France
1909: Lewis Hine hired by US National Child Labor Committee to photograph children working mills.
1914: Oscar Barnack, employed by German microscope manufacturer Leitz, develops a camera using the modern 24x36mm frame and sprocketed 35mm movie film.
1917: Nippon Kogaku K.K., which would eventually become Nikon, was established in Tokyo.
1921: Man Ray begins making photograms ("rayographs") by placing objects on photographic paper and exposing the shadow cast by a distant light bulb; Eugegrave;ne Atget, aged 64, is assigned to photograph the brothels of Paris.
1924: Leitz markets a derivative of Barnack's camera commercially as the "Leica", the first high-quality 35mm camera.
1925: André Kertész moves from his native Hungary to Paris, where he begins an 11-year project photographing street life.
1928: Albert Renger-Patzsch publishes The World is Beautiful, close-ups emphasizing the form of natural and man-made objects; Rollei introduces the Rolleiflex twin-lens reflex producing a 6x6 cm image on rollfilm.; Karl Blossfeldt publishes Art Forms in Nature.
1931: Development of strobe photography by Harold ("Doc") Edgerton at MIT.
1932: Inception of Technicolor for movies, where three black and white negatives were made in the same camera under different filters; Ansel Adams, Imogen Cunningham, Willard Van Dyke, Edward Weston, et al, form Group f/64 dedicated to "straight photographic thought and production".; Henri Cartier-Bresson buys a Leica and begins a 60-year career photographing people; On March 14, George Eastman, aged 77, writes suicide note--"My work is done. Why wait?"--and shoots himself.
1878: Dry plates being manufactured commercially.
1880: George Eastman, age 24, sets up Eastman Dry Plate Company in Rochester, New York. First half-tone photograph appears in a daily newspaper, the New York Graphic.
1888: First Kodak camera, containing a 20-foot roll of paper, enough for 100 2.5-inch diameter circular pictures.
1889: Improved Kodak camera with roll of film instead of paper.
1890: Jacob Riis publishes How the Other Half Lives, images of tenament life in New york City
1900: The Kodak Brownie box roll-film camera was introduced.
1902: Alfred Stieglitz organizes "Photo Secessionist" show in New York City
1906: Availability of panchromatic black and white film and therefore high quality color separation color photography. J.P. Morgan finances Edward Curtis to document the traditional culture of the North American Indian.
1907: First commercial color film, the Autochrome plates, manufactured by Lumiere brothers in France
1909: Lewis Hine hired by US National Child Labor Committee to photograph children working mills.
1914: Oscar Barnack, employed by German microscope manufacturer Leitz, develops a camera using the modern 24x36mm frame and sprocketed 35mm movie film.
1917: Nippon Kogaku K.K., which would eventually become Nikon, was established in Tokyo.
1921: Man Ray begins making photograms ("rayographs") by placing objects on photographic paper and exposing the shadow cast by a distant light bulb; Eugegrave;ne Atget, aged 64, is assigned to photograph the brothels of Paris.
1924: Leitz markets a derivative of Barnack's camera commercially as the "Leica", the first high-quality 35mm camera.
1925: André Kertész moves from his native Hungary to Paris, where he begins an 11-year project photographing street life.
1928: Albert Renger-Patzsch publishes The World is Beautiful, close-ups emphasizing the form of natural and man-made objects; Rollei introduces the Rolleiflex twin-lens reflex producing a 6x6 cm image on rollfilm.; Karl Blossfeldt publishes Art Forms in Nature.
1931: Development of strobe photography by Harold ("Doc") Edgerton at MIT.
1932: Inception of Technicolor for movies, where three black and white negatives were made in the same camera under different filters; Ansel Adams, Imogen Cunningham, Willard Van Dyke, Edward Weston, et al, form Group f/64 dedicated to "straight photographic thought and production".; Henri Cartier-Bresson buys a Leica and begins a 60-year career photographing people; On March 14, George Eastman, aged 77, writes suicide note--"My work is done. Why wait?"--and shoots himself.
1933: Brassaï publishes Paris de nuit.
1934: Fuji Photo Film was founded. By 1938, Fuji is making cameras and lenses in addition to film.
1935: Farm Security Administration hires Roy Stryker to run a historical section. Stryker would hire Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, Arthur Rothstein, et al. to photograph rural hardships over the next six years. Roman Vishniac begins his project of the soon-to-be-killed-by-their-neighbors Jews of Central and Eastern Europe.
1936: Development of Kodachrome, the first color multi-layered color film; development of Exakta, pioneering 35mm single-lens reflex (SLR) camera World War II: Development of multi-layer color negative films Margaret Bourke-White, Robert Capa, Carl Mydans, and W. Eugene Smith cover the war for LIFE magazine.
1940s - in the early 1940s commercially viable color films (except Kodachrome, introduced in 1935) were brought to the market. These films used the modern technology of dye-coupled colors in which a chemical process connects the three dye layers together to create an apparent color image.
1947: Henri Cartier-Bresson, Robert Capa, and David Seymour started the photographer-owned Magnum picture agency.
1948: Hasselblad in Sweden offers its first medium-format SLR for commercial sale; Pentax in Japan introduces the automatic diaphragm; Polaroid sells instant black-and-white film.
1949: East German Zeiss develops the Contax S, the first SLR with an unreversed image in a pentaprism viewfinder.
1955: Edward Steichen curates the Family of Man exhibit at New York's Museum of Modern Art.
1959: Nikon F introduced.
1960: Garry Winogrand begins photographing women on the streets of New York City.
1963: First color instant film developed by Polaroid; Instamatic released by Kodak; first purpose-built underwater introduced, the Nikonos.
1970: William Wegman begins photographing his Weimaraner, Man Ray.
1972: 110-format cameras introduced by Kodak with a 13x17mm frame.
1973: C-41 color negative process introduced, replacing C-22.
1975: Nicholas Nixon takes his first annual photograph of his wife and her sisters: "The Brown Sisters"; Steve Sasson at Kodak builds the first working CCD-based digital still camera
1976: First solo show of color photographs at the Museum of Modern Art, William Eggleston's Guide
1977: Cindy Sherman begins work on Untitled Film Stills, completed in 1980; Jan Groover begins exploring kitchen utensils.
1978: Hiroshi Sugimoto begins work on seascapes.
1980: Elsa Dorfman begins making portraits with the 20x24" Polaroid.
1982: Sony demonstrates Mavica "still video" camera.
1983: Kodak introduces the disk camera, using an 8x11mm frame (the same as in the Minox spy camera)
1985: Minolta markets the world's first autofocus SLR system (called "Maxxum" in the US); In the American West by Richard Avedon.
1988: Sally Mann begins publishing nude photos of her children.
1987: The popular Canon EOS system was introduced, with new all-electronic lens mount
1990: Adobe Photoshop released.
1991: Kodak DCS-100, first digital SLR, a modified Nikon F3.
1992: Kodak introduces PhotoCD
1993: Founding of photo.net (this Website), an early Internet online community; Sebastiao Salgado publishes Workers; Mary Ellen Mark publishes book documenting life in an Indian circus.
1995: Material World, by Peter Menzel published.
1997: Rob Silvers publishes Photomosaics.
1999: Nikon D1 SLR, 2.74 megapixels for $6000, first ground-up DSLR design by a leading manufacturer.
2000: The camera phone was introduced in Japan by Sharp/J-Phone.
2001: Polaroid goes bankrupt.
2003: Four-Thirds standard for compact digital SLRs introduced with the Olympus E-1; Canon Digital Rebel introduced for less than $1000.
2004: Kodak ceases production of film cameras.
2005: Canon EOS 5D, first consumer-priced full-frame digital SLR, with a 24x36mm CMOS sensor for $3000; Portraits by Rineke Dijkstra.
Infrared Photography - the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light.
Johann Heinrich Schulze - (1687 - 1744) he was a German professor at the University of Altdorf. He was the first person to produce Photograms, which were created by using paper masks in direct contact
with a jar containing a mixture of silver nitrate powder and chalk. Schulze proved that the darkening of silver nitrate was caused by light and ruled out the possibility of the change being caused by temperature, by observing no tonal change to silver nitrate when heated in an oven.
Joseph Nicephore Niepce - made the first photographic image with a camera obscura.
Latent Image - is an invisible image produced by the exposure to light of a photosensitive material such as photographic film.
1934: Fuji Photo Film was founded. By 1938, Fuji is making cameras and lenses in addition to film.
1935: Farm Security Administration hires Roy Stryker to run a historical section. Stryker would hire Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, Arthur Rothstein, et al. to photograph rural hardships over the next six years. Roman Vishniac begins his project of the soon-to-be-killed-by-their-neighbors Jews of Central and Eastern Europe.
1936: Development of Kodachrome, the first color multi-layered color film; development of Exakta, pioneering 35mm single-lens reflex (SLR) camera World War II: Development of multi-layer color negative films Margaret Bourke-White, Robert Capa, Carl Mydans, and W. Eugene Smith cover the war for LIFE magazine.
1940s - in the early 1940s commercially viable color films (except Kodachrome, introduced in 1935) were brought to the market. These films used the modern technology of dye-coupled colors in which a chemical process connects the three dye layers together to create an apparent color image.
1947: Henri Cartier-Bresson, Robert Capa, and David Seymour started the photographer-owned Magnum picture agency.
1948: Hasselblad in Sweden offers its first medium-format SLR for commercial sale; Pentax in Japan introduces the automatic diaphragm; Polaroid sells instant black-and-white film.
1949: East German Zeiss develops the Contax S, the first SLR with an unreversed image in a pentaprism viewfinder.
1955: Edward Steichen curates the Family of Man exhibit at New York's Museum of Modern Art.
1959: Nikon F introduced.
1960: Garry Winogrand begins photographing women on the streets of New York City.
1963: First color instant film developed by Polaroid; Instamatic released by Kodak; first purpose-built underwater introduced, the Nikonos.
1970: William Wegman begins photographing his Weimaraner, Man Ray.
1972: 110-format cameras introduced by Kodak with a 13x17mm frame.
1973: C-41 color negative process introduced, replacing C-22.
1975: Nicholas Nixon takes his first annual photograph of his wife and her sisters: "The Brown Sisters"; Steve Sasson at Kodak builds the first working CCD-based digital still camera
1976: First solo show of color photographs at the Museum of Modern Art, William Eggleston's Guide
1977: Cindy Sherman begins work on Untitled Film Stills, completed in 1980; Jan Groover begins exploring kitchen utensils.
1978: Hiroshi Sugimoto begins work on seascapes.
1980: Elsa Dorfman begins making portraits with the 20x24" Polaroid.
1982: Sony demonstrates Mavica "still video" camera.
1983: Kodak introduces the disk camera, using an 8x11mm frame (the same as in the Minox spy camera)
1985: Minolta markets the world's first autofocus SLR system (called "Maxxum" in the US); In the American West by Richard Avedon.
1988: Sally Mann begins publishing nude photos of her children.
1987: The popular Canon EOS system was introduced, with new all-electronic lens mount
1990: Adobe Photoshop released.
1991: Kodak DCS-100, first digital SLR, a modified Nikon F3.
1992: Kodak introduces PhotoCD
1993: Founding of photo.net (this Website), an early Internet online community; Sebastiao Salgado publishes Workers; Mary Ellen Mark publishes book documenting life in an Indian circus.
1995: Material World, by Peter Menzel published.
1997: Rob Silvers publishes Photomosaics.
1999: Nikon D1 SLR, 2.74 megapixels for $6000, first ground-up DSLR design by a leading manufacturer.
2000: The camera phone was introduced in Japan by Sharp/J-Phone.
2001: Polaroid goes bankrupt.
2003: Four-Thirds standard for compact digital SLRs introduced with the Olympus E-1; Canon Digital Rebel introduced for less than $1000.
2004: Kodak ceases production of film cameras.
2005: Canon EOS 5D, first consumer-priced full-frame digital SLR, with a 24x36mm CMOS sensor for $3000; Portraits by Rineke Dijkstra.
Infrared Photography - the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light.
Johann Heinrich Schulze - (1687 - 1744) he was a German professor at the University of Altdorf. He was the first person to produce Photograms, which were created by using paper masks in direct contact
with a jar containing a mixture of silver nitrate powder and chalk. Schulze proved that the darkening of silver nitrate was caused by light and ruled out the possibility of the change being caused by temperature, by observing no tonal change to silver nitrate when heated in an oven.
Joseph Nicephore Niepce - made the first photographic image with a camera obscura.
Latent Image - is an invisible image produced by the exposure to light of a photosensitive material such as photographic film.
Lens - the light-gathering device of a camera, typically containing a group of compound lenses.
INHERENT LENS DEFECTS
Louis Daguerre - a Frenchman and A professional scene painter, was able to reduce exposure time to less than 30 minutes and keep the image from disappearing afterward. He was the inventor of the first practical process of photography.
Mugshot - (police photograph)(booking photograph) is a photographic portrait typically taken after a person is arrested.
Negative - is an image, usually on a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film, in which the lightest areas of the photographed subject appear darkest and the darkest areas appear lightest.
Parallax - is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, and is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between those
two lines.
1. Spherical Aberration - Inability of the lens to focus light passing the side of the lens producing an image that is sharp in the center and blurred at the side.
2. Coma - (Also known as lateral aberration) = Inability of the lens to focus light that travels straight or lateral, thus making it blurred while the light reaching the lens oblique is the one that is transmitted sharp.
3. Curvature of Field - the relation of the images of the different points is incorrect with respect to one another.
4. Distortion - Is a defect in shape not in sharpness. It can either be Pincushion distortion (curving inward) or Barrel (curving outward).
5. Chromatic Aberration = Inability of the lens to focus light of varying wavelength. The lens refracts rays of short wavelengths more strongly than those of longer wavelengths therefore bringing blue rays to a shorter focus than the red.
6. Astigmatism - a form of lens defect in which the horizontal and vertical axis are not equally magnified. The inability of the lens to focus on both horizontal and vertical lines.
7. Chromatic Difference of Magnification
8. Flares = condition of the lens producing multiple images.
LENS CHARACTERISTICS
1. Focal Length – the distance measured from the optical center of the lens is set to focus at infinite position. As according to focal lenses may be classified as:
a. Wide Angle or Short Focus = with focal length not longer than the diagonal half of the negative. Useful in taking photographs at short distances with wider area coverage.
b. Normal or Medium Focus = with focal length approximately equal but not longer than twice the diagonal half of the negative.
c. Long or Telephoto Lens = with a focal length longer than twice the diagonal half of the negative. Best used in long-distance photography but with narrow area coverage.
d. ZOOM lens = lens with variable focal length or that which can be adjusted continuously by the movement of one or more elements in the lens system.
2. Relative Aperture – the light-gathering power of the lens expressed in F-number
a. Depth of Field – is the distance measured from the nearest to the farthest object in apparent sharp focus when the lens
b. Hyperfocal distance = Is the nearest distance at which when a lens is focused with a given particular diaphragm opening will give the maximum depth of field.
3. Focusing - is the setting of the proper distance to form a sharp image. The one that controls the degree of sharpness of the object.
Louis Daguerre - a Frenchman and A professional scene painter, was able to reduce exposure time to less than 30 minutes and keep the image from disappearing afterward. He was the inventor of the first practical process of photography.
Mugshot - (police photograph)(booking photograph) is a photographic portrait typically taken after a person is arrested.
Negative - is an image, usually on a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film, in which the lightest areas of the photographed subject appear darkest and the darkest areas appear lightest.
Parallax - is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, and is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between those
two lines.
Photograph - This is the mechanical and chemical result of Photography. Picture and photograph are not the same a picture is a generic term is refers to all kinds of formed images while a photograph is an image that can only be a product of photography.
Photography - It is a method of recording images by the action of light, or related radiation, on a sensitive material.
Photography - It is a method of recording images by the action of light, or related radiation, on a sensitive material.
- Derived from the Greek word “Phos” or “Photos” which means “light” and “Grapho” which means “Writing” or “Graphia” meaning “to Draw”. Sir John F. W. Herschel coined the word photography when he first wrote a letter to Henry Fox Talbot.
Photographic Film - (Film) is a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film base coated on one side with a gelatin emulsion containing microscopically small light-sensitive silver halide crystals.
Point-and-Shoot Camera - (compact camera) is a still camera designed primarily for simple operation.[1] Most use focus-free lenses or autofocus for focusing, automatic systems for setting the exposure options, and flash units built in.
Rogues Gallery - is a police collection of pictures or photographs of criminals and suspects kept for identification purposes.
Shutter Lag - the delay between triggering the shutter and when the photograph is actually recorded.
Shutter Speed - (exposure time) is the length of time a camera's shutter is open when taking a photograph.
Silver Halides - The light-sensitive chemicals used in photographic film and paper.
Single-Lens Reflex Camera (SLR) - typically uses a mirror and prism system (hence "reflex", from the mirror's reflection) that permits the photographer to view through the lens and see exactly what will
be captured, contrary to viewfinder cameras where the image could be significantly different from what will be captured.
Sir Humphry Davy - (1778-1829) Chemistry genius, friend, and assistant of Wedgwood in his experiments whose results were published at the Royal Society, in 1802 by Davy. The problem of "fixing" the images remained in spite of Davy's breakthroughs in chemistry.
Sir John F.W. Herschel - a scientist who first used the word photography in 1839. The word photography was derived from the Greek words Photos, which means light, and Graphein, which means to draw.
Snapshot - is popularly defined as a photograph that is "shot" spontaneously and quickly, most often without artistic or journalistic intent.
Thomas Wedgwood - (1771 - 1805) an Englishman who made good ground by creating Photograms and recording images from his Camera Obscura or pinhole camera, However, he never overcame the problem of fixing the image and therefore the prints produced had to be viewed for very short periods of time in a darkened environment.
Twin-Lens Reflex Camera (TLR) - is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length.
Viewfinder - is what the photographer looks through to compose, and in many cases to focus, the picture.
- Is the art and science of reproducing images using light through some sensitized material with the aid of a camera, Lens, and its accessories and the chemical process required to produce a photograph.
USES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
1. Personal Identification
= Personal Identification is considered to be the first application of photography in police work. Alphonse Bertillion was the first police who utilized photography in police work as a supplementary identification in his Anthropometry system.
2. For Communication
= Photograph is considered to be one of the most universal methods of communication considering that no other language can be known universally than photograph.
3. For Record Purposes
= Considered to be the utmost use of photography in police work.
Different Views in Photographing
a. General View
= taking an overall view of the scene of the crime. It shows the direction and location of the crime scene.
b. Medium View
= Is the taking of the photograph of the scene of the crime by dividing it into sections. This view will best view the nature of the crime.
c. Close-up View
= Is the taking of individual photographs of the evidence at the scene of the crime. It is designed to show the details of the crime.
d. Extreme Close-up View
= Commonly designed in laboratory photographing using some magnification such as Photomacrography and photomicrography.
4. For Preservation
= Crime scene and other physical evidence requires photographs for preservation purposes. Crime scenes cannot be retained as is for a long period but through photographs the initial condition of the scene of the crime can be preserved properly.
5. For Discovering and Proving
Photographic Film - (Film) is a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film base coated on one side with a gelatin emulsion containing microscopically small light-sensitive silver halide crystals.
Point-and-Shoot Camera - (compact camera) is a still camera designed primarily for simple operation.[1] Most use focus-free lenses or autofocus for focusing, automatic systems for setting the exposure options, and flash units built in.
Rogues Gallery - is a police collection of pictures or photographs of criminals and suspects kept for identification purposes.
Shutter Lag - the delay between triggering the shutter and when the photograph is actually recorded.
Shutter Speed - (exposure time) is the length of time a camera's shutter is open when taking a photograph.
Silver Halides - The light-sensitive chemicals used in photographic film and paper.
Single-Lens Reflex Camera (SLR) - typically uses a mirror and prism system (hence "reflex", from the mirror's reflection) that permits the photographer to view through the lens and see exactly what will
be captured, contrary to viewfinder cameras where the image could be significantly different from what will be captured.
Sir Humphry Davy - (1778-1829) Chemistry genius, friend, and assistant of Wedgwood in his experiments whose results were published at the Royal Society, in 1802 by Davy. The problem of "fixing" the images remained in spite of Davy's breakthroughs in chemistry.
Sir John F.W. Herschel - a scientist who first used the word photography in 1839. The word photography was derived from the Greek words Photos, which means light, and Graphein, which means to draw.
Snapshot - is popularly defined as a photograph that is "shot" spontaneously and quickly, most often without artistic or journalistic intent.
Thomas Wedgwood - (1771 - 1805) an Englishman who made good ground by creating Photograms and recording images from his Camera Obscura or pinhole camera, However, he never overcame the problem of fixing the image and therefore the prints produced had to be viewed for very short periods of time in a darkened environment.
Twin-Lens Reflex Camera (TLR) - is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length.
Viewfinder - is what the photographer looks through to compose, and in many cases to focus, the picture.
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